DETERMINATION OF FLOOD MITIGATION PLANNING PARAMETERS IN AN UNGAUGED RIVER BASIN: HYDROLOGIC AND HYDRAULIC ASPECTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v16.23466Keywords:
flood disaster management, flood risk, Hydrologic modeling, HEC-HMS, HEC-RASAbstract
Flood mitigation planning involves the development of a comprehensive set of structural and non-structural measures to minimize the adverse effects of flooding. Implementing this process in ungauged locations poses particular challenges due to the lack of relevant hydrologic and hydraulic parameters necessary for making informed decisions. This paper presents a methodology for determining such parameters using a hydrologic-hydraulic model in a pilot site, specifically the Mapatos River Basin in Camarines Sur, Philippines. The model applied a combination of well-established theoretical and empirical equations, including the shallow-water equations, SCS Curve Number Method, SCS Unit Hydrograph Method, Convolution Equation, and Muskingum-Cunge Equation. To extract the physical characteristics of the study area, high-resolution topographic data was utilized, with a horizontal resolution of 1 meter in the river and immediate floodplains and 5-m resolution for the rest of the basin. The validity of the model was assessed using data from a recent flood event, resulting in a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency value of 0.54, indicating satisfactory results. It should be noted that the simulated flood depths tended to be higher than the observed values, which is appropriate for design studies as a margin of safety must always be incorporated into planning and design. For the design consideration of 25-year, 50-year, and 100-year average storms in the basin, the hydrologic design parameters, such as rainfall excess, time lag, peak discharge, and total hydrograph, were quantified. Similarly, the hydraulic aspects, such as flood extent and flood depths at critical locations in the downstream floodplains, were determined. This methodology can be readily applied to other ungauged locations, provided that similar or more sophisticated model validations are conducted.
References
Frege, I., Bradshaw, S., Dijkzeul, D., Funke, C., Kienzl, P., Kusters, K., Masuch, L., Nasreen, M., Radtke, K., Schneider, S., Thielburger, P., Weller, D., Wiegers, O., Yaman, D., and Zennig, K. 2023. World Risk Report 2023, Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft, Berlin, Germany.
ESCAP IDD. 2015. Disasters in Asia and the Pacific: 2015 Year in Review. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asua and the Pacific. Bangkok, Thailand.
Wałęga, A., Młyński, D., Wojkowski, J., Radecki-Pawlik, A., and Lepeška, T. 2020. New Empirical Model Using Landscape Hydric Potential Method to Estimate Median Peak Discharges in Mountain Ungauged Catchments. Water. 12(4): 983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12040983
Macuha, R. 2022. Supplementary Tools in Baseline Information Building for Water Resources Projects Under the New Normal. ASEAN Engineering Journal, 12(1): 57–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v12.16657
Marahatta, S., Devcota, L., and Aryal, D., 2021. Hydrological Modeling: A Better Alternative to Empirical Methods for Monthly Flow Estimation in Ungauged Basins. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 13(3): 254-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2021.133015
Daniel, E., Camp, J., LeBoeuf, E., Penrod, J., Dobbins, J., and Abkowitz, M. 2011. Watershed Modeling and its Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review. The Open Hydrology Journal, 5: 26-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101105010026
Ismail, H., Kamal, R., Hin, L., Abdullah, A. 2020. Performance of HEC-HMS and ArcSWAT Models for Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Streamflow at Bernam River Basin in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology. 28(3): 1027-1048.
Abdulkareem, J., Pradhan, B., Sulaiman, W., and Jamil, N. 2018. Review of Studies on Hydrological Modelling in Malaysia. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 4(4): 1577-1605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-018-0509-y
Adesiji, A. R., Odekunle, M. O., Mangey, J. A., Adeyemo, B. G., and Yaba, T. 2023. Modeling Rainfall-Runoff Relations Using HEC-HMS in an Oil Palm Catchment for Double Rain Events in Labu River Basin of Peninsular Malaysia. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 19(4): 771-780.
Ansori, M. B., Lasminto, U., and Kartika, A. A. 2023. Flood Hydrograph Analysis Using Synthetic Unit Hydrograph, HEC-HMS, and HEC-RAS 2d Unsteady Flow Precipitation On-Grid Model for Disaster Risk Mitigation. GEOMATE Journal, 25(107): 50–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.107.3719
Tañagras, J., Macuha, R., and Herrera, E. 2023. Impact Evaluation of Land Use-Land Cover Change on the Hydrology of Salipit River Basin Cavite, Philippines. GEOMATE Journal, 25(110): 140-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.110.3852
Nazirah, A., Wan Mohd Sabko, W.O., Zulkarian, H., and Afizah, A. 2021. Simulation of Runoff using HEC-HMS for Ungauged Catchment. Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials Engineering & Technology, 2347(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0051957
Hu, C., Zhang, L., W,u Q., Soomro, S-E-H., and Jian, S. 2020. Response of LUCC on Runoff Generation Process in Middle Yellow River Basin: The Gushanchuan Basin. Water. 12(5): 1237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051237
Irvin, B., Niemann, J., Perry, M., Bauer, K., and McKormick, W. 2023. Parameter Estimation for Models of Major Rainfall Induced Floods in Ungaged Mountain Basins of Colorado. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 45: 101300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101300
Yu, Z., Chen, X., and Wu, J. 2022. Calibrating a Hydrological Model in an Ungauged Mountain Basin with the Budyko Framework. Water, 14(19):3112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193112
Lèye, I., Sambou, S., Sané, M.L., Ndiaye, I., and Ndione, D.M. 2020. Hydrological Modeling of an Ungauged River Basin Using SWAT Model for Water Resource Management Case of Kayanga River Upstream Niandouba Dam. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 9(1): 29-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20200901.14
Yuwono, B.D., Abidin, H.Z., Poerbandono, Andreas, H., Pratama, A.S.P., and Gradiyanto, F. 2024. Mapping of Flood Hazard Induced by Land Subsidence in Semarang City, Indonesia, Using Hydraulic and Spatial Models. Natural Hazards, 120: 5333–5368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06398-9
Apollonio, C., Bruno, M.F., Iemmolo, G. Molfetta, M.G., and Pellicani, R. 2020. Flood Risk Evaluation in Ungauged Coastal Areas: The Case Study of Ippocampo (Southern Italy). Water. 12(5): 1466. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051466
Nguyen, L., Dang, P., and Nguyen, L.K. 2021. Estimating Surface Water and Vadose Water Resources for an Ungauged Inland Catchment in Vietnam. Journal of Water and Climate Change,12(6): 2716–2733. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.343
Costabile, P., Costanzo, C., Ferraro, D., and Barca, P. 2021. Is HEC-RAS 2D Accurate Enough for Storm-event Hazard Assessment? Lessons Learnt from a Benchmarking Study Based on Rain-on-Grid Modelling. Journal of Hydrology, 603(B): 126962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126962
Natarajan, S., and Radhakrishnan, N. 2020. Flood Hazard Delineation in an Ungauged Catchment by Coupling Hydrologic and Hydraulic Models with Geospatial Techniques—A Case Study of Koraiyar Basin, Tiruchirappalli City, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192: 689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08650-2
Tscheikner-Gratl, F., Zeisl, P., Kinzel, C., Leimgruber, J., Ertl, T., Rauch, W., and Kleidorfer, W. 2016. Lost in Calibration: Why People Still Do Not Calibrate their Models, and Why They Still Should – A Case Study From Urban Drainage Modelling. Water Science & Technology, 74(10): 2337-2348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.395
Siqueira, V. A., Paiva, R. C. D., Fleischmann, A. S., Fan, F. M., Ruhoff, A. L., Pontes, P. R. M., Paris, A., Calmant, S., and Collischonn, W. 2018. Toward Continental Hydrologic–Hydrodynamic Modeling in South America, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22(9): 4815–4842. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4815-2018
Trinh, M. 2023. A Methodological Framework for Future Flood Risk Assessment in Ungauged and Data-scarce Coastal River Catchments in Southeast Asia. Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg. PhD dissertation.
Ynaotou, Jayadi, R., Rahardjo, A.P., and Puspitosari, D.A. 2021. Identification of Flood-prone Areas using HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS, the Case of Ciberang River Basin, Lebak District of Banten Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 930: 012082. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012082
Kastridis, A., and Stathis, D. 2020. Evaluation of Hydrological and Hydraulic Models Applied in Typical Mediterranean Ungauged Watersheds Using Post-Flash-Flood Measurements. Hydrology. 7(1): 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7010012
Kvočka, D., Ahmadian, R., and Falconer, R.A. 2017. Flood Inundation Modelling of Flash Floods in Steep River Basins and Catchments. Water, 9(9): 705. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090705
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center. 2012. HEC-HMS Hydrologic Modeling System, User's Manual, Version 4.0, CPD-74A. Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA.
National Water Resources Council. 1977. Water Availability in Philippine Rivers. Department of Public Works, Transportation, and Communication. Quezon City, Philippines.
Alcober, C., and Macuha, R. 2024. Development and Analysis of a GIS-Based Curve Number Map of the Philippines. ASEAN Engineering Journal, 14(2): 173-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v14.21013
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center. 2012. HEC-RAS Hydraulic Reference Manual, Version 6.4. Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA.
Cruz, E., Garcia, E., Abrigonda, V.R., and DIta, A.R. 2024. Coastal Protection Design Based on Extreme Value Analysis of Historical Storm Tide Levels along Camarines Sur Coastline. Technical Proceedings, Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers 2024 Midyear National Convention and Technical Conference.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 2021. Philippines: Floods and Typhoons 2020 (Typhoon Vamco). Operation Update Report
