ASSESSMENT OF FIRED RED CLAY CERAMICS WITH ORE TAILINGS FOR CONSTRUCTING ARTIFICIAL REEF STRUCTURES AT DIFFERENT SINTERING TEMPERATURES

Authors

  • Marilou E. Legaspi Department of Materials and Resources Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3986-464X
  • Christian Calleno Environmental Science Graduate Program, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6146-6619
  • Edison A. Limbaga Department of Materials and Resources Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3469-6273
  • Lori-Ann l. Cabalo Advanced Porous Ceramic Particles (APCerP) Lab., Ceramic Researches for Engineering Advanced Technology & Environment (CREATE) Lab, Research Center for Advanced Ceramics (RCAC), Research Institute for Engineering and Innovative Technology (RIEIT), Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9167-9877
  • Liezl Jabile Advanced Porous Ceramic Particles (APCerP) Lab., Ceramic Researches for Engineering Advanced Technology & Environment (CREATE) Lab, Research Center for Advanced Ceramics (RCAC), Research Institute for Engineering and Innovative Technology (RIEIT), Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-039X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v16.23822

Keywords:

assessment, ceramic test bars, biofouling, sintering, biological performance

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of sintering temperature on the biological performance of ceramic test bars exposed to marine environments. Four sintering temperatures—1135°C, 1050°C, 950°C, and 850°C—were evaluated by deploying test bars in a Marine Protected Area (MPA) and analyzing the number and types of organisms that adhered to their surfaces. The results revealed a clear trend, with the test bars sintered at 1135°C showing the highest biofouling activity, recording a total of 54 organisms. As the sintering temperature decreased, the number of organisms declined, with 49 organisms on the 1050°C sample, 35 organisms on the 950°C sample, and 33 organisms on the 850°C sample. These findings suggest that higher sintering temperatures, which result in denser and smoother surfaces, promote greater biofouling, while lower sintering temperatures may hinder organism attachment. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing material properties for marine applications, for the application of coral reef preservation.

Author Biographies

  • Marilou E. Legaspi, Department of Materials and Resources Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

    Marilou E. Legaspi is the laboratory Technician of the Department of Materials and Resources Engineering and Technology. And a Master of Science student specializing in Materials Engineering. Her professional role involves hand-on experimentation, testing and analysis of material properties. Her academic research focuses on developing innovative solutions to address challenges in materials science and engineering. With a strong foundation in material characterization and applications, she aims to contribute to advancements in sustainable and high-performance materials for industrial and environmental applications.

  • Christian Calleno, Environmental Science Graduate Program, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

    Christian D. Calleno currently works as a Science Aide at MSU-IIT's Technology Application & Promotion Unit—Ceramic Training Center, under the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Enterprise, while pursuing a Master of Science in Environmental Science at MSU-IIT. Prior to this, he gained valuable experience as a production assistant (Ceramic Training Center) and research assistant (Ceramic Engineering Program-DMRET) at the same university, where he contributed to applied research and technology promotion in the field of ceramic engineering.

  • Edison A. Limbaga, Department of Materials and Resources Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

    Edison Limbaga is a graduate student from Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology. He is currently taking up Master of Science in Materials Science and Engineering (MSMSE). His field of expertise is on Waste Valorization and Environmental Sustainability applications. He was a special graduate student at Nagoya Institute of Technology – Advanced Ceramics Research Center (ACRC) under the supervision of Prof. Masayoshi Fuji, PhD with his team on Non-Fired Ceramics Processes. Currently, he is working on his thesis on the utilization of industrial waste materials for materials application under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Lori-Ann I. Cabalo, Dr. Liezl M. Jabile, Dr. Vannie Joy T. Resabal and Dr. Raymond V.Rivera-Virtudazo.

  • Lori-Ann l. Cabalo, Advanced Porous Ceramic Particles (APCerP) Lab., Ceramic Researches for Engineering Advanced Technology & Environment (CREATE) Lab, Research Center for Advanced Ceramics (RCAC), Research Institute for Engineering and Innovative Technology (RIEIT), Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

    Lori-ann I. Cabalo is Associate Professor in Ceramic Engineering Program of the Department of Materials and Resources Engineering and Technology of Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology Philippines. She has worked in a Japanese based local ceramic manufacturer producing ceramic tiles for structural houses exported in Japan before joining MSUIIT. She has been granted for an internal project funded by the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Extension (OVCRE), MSU-IIT and was awarded as 2nd Placer for 20th MSU-IIT Annual In-House Review of R&D Projects last Oct. 6, 2022 . She was awarded DOST ERDT scholarship from the Philippine government to pursue MS degree Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology. She was awarded by the DOST-PCIEERD as travel grantee for an international conference organized by The American Ceramic Society (ACERS) held at Daytona Beach , Florida, USA last January 26-31, 2020. She currently presented her research paper in the 5th  International Conference on Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology (ICAMN 2022) held from 16th to 19th, November 2022 in Hanoi, Vietnam, granted with research dissemination award of OVCRE, MSU-IIT.

  • Liezl Jabile, Advanced Porous Ceramic Particles (APCerP) Lab., Ceramic Researches for Engineering Advanced Technology & Environment (CREATE) Lab, Research Center for Advanced Ceramics (RCAC), Research Institute for Engineering and Innovative Technology (RIEIT), Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

    Liezl M. Jabile is a Professor in Ceramic Engineering Program of the Department of Materials and Resources Engineering and Technology of Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology Philippines. She was awarded DOST ERDT scholarship from the Philippine government to pursue MS and DoE studies in Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology specializing in the porous ceramic composites. She is also involved in investigating Philippine raw materials for bioceramics application. She worked in a local ceramic manufacturer producing industrial and household ceramic wares developed from Philippine raw materials before joining MSUIIT.

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Published

2026-03-01

Issue

Vol. 16 No. 1: March 2026

Section

Articles