PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF STYRENE-CO-GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE / FUMED SILICA / CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v79.10004Keywords:
Adsorption, morphology, TGA, clay, nanocompositesAbstract
Styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate-fumed silica-clay (ST-co-GMA-fsi-clay) nanocomposites have been prepared via free radical polymerization in the presence of benzoyl peroxide. The nanocomposites are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), adsorption isotherm, tensile test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and moisture absorption. FT-IR shows the Si-O-C peak that represented ST-co-GMA-fsi bonding while Si-O-Si peak shows the bonding of fsi-clay. The surface morphology shows the well dispersion of clay (1.30E) into ST-co-GMA-fsi nanocomposite. 2wt% of ST-co-GMA-fsi-clay (1.30E) nanocomposite has higher specific surface area and average pore volume with less pore size. Incorporation of 2wt% of clay (1.30E) improves the tensile strength and modulus of the nanocomposites as well as higher thermal stability and activation energy. 2wt% of ST-co-GMA-fsi-clay (1.30E) nanocomposite shows the lowest moisture absorption value. Â
References
Hanifah, S. A., Hamzah, N. and Heng, L. Y. 2013. Microspheres Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate-co-Styrene) by Photopolymerization, Sains Malaysiana. Rapid Synthesis of Magnetic. 42(4): 487-493. http://www.ukm.my/jsm/pdf_files/SM-PDF-42-4-2013/09%20Sharina%20Abu%20Hanifah.pdf.
Chen, C. H. and Lee, W. C. 2001. Affinity Chromatography of Protein on Nonporous Copolymerized Particles of Styrene, Methyl Methacrylate and Glycidyl Methacrylate. Journal of Chromatography A. 921(1): 31-37. DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00712-9.
Chung, T. H., Pan, H. C. and Lee, W. C. 2007. Preparation and Application of Magnetic Poly (Styrene-Glycidyl Methacrylate) Microspheres. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 311(1): 36-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.11.165.
Zanchet, A., Carli, L. N., Giocanela, M., Brandalise, R. N. and Crespo, J. S. 2012. Use of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Industrial Waste Devulcanized by Microwave in Rubber Composites for Automotive Application. Materials Design. 39: 437-443. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.03.014.
Clemons, D. and Tristan. 2013. Applications of Multifunctional Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate) (PGMA) Nanoparticles in Enzyme Stabilization and Drug Delivery. Australia: The University of Western Australia. http://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/applications-of-multifunctional-polyglycidyl-methacrylate-pgma-nanoparticles-in-enzyme-stabilization-and-drug-delivery(56ca7d2a-cb03-4fc0-830b-f206529a4413).html.
Kunita, M. H., Girotto, E. M., Muniz, E. C. and Rubira, A. F. 2006. Polypropylene Grafted with Glycidyl Methacrylate using Supercritical CO2 Medium. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 23(2): 267-271. DOI: 10.1590/S0104-66322006000200015.
Wei, L., Hu, N. and Zhang, Y. 2010. Synthesis of Polymer-Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposites. Materials. 3(7): 4066-4079. http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/3/7/4066.
Grim, R. E. 1968. Clay Mineralogy. New York: McGraw-Hill. https://www.amazon.com/Clay-Mineralogy-R-Grim/dp/0070248362.
Conzatti, L. 2012. The Clay Mineral Modifier as the Key to Sheer the Properties of Rubber Nanocomposites. Applied Clay Science. 61: 14-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2012.03.004
Kim, K., Seo, B., Lee, J. Y., Choi, B. J., Kwag, G. H., Paik, H. J. and Kim, W. 2015. Reduced Filler Flocculation in the Silica-filled Styrene-Butadiene-Glycidyl Methacrylate Terpolymer. Composites Interfaces. 22(2): 137-149. DOI: 10.1080/15685543.2015.997115.
Yin, C., Zhang, Q. and Gong, D. 2013. Preparation and Properties of Silica/Styrene Butadiene Rubber Masterbatches by Latex co-Coagulating Technology. Polymer Composites. 35(6): 1212-1219. DOI: 10.1002/pc.22770.
Barrantes, I. M., Valentin, J. L., Rodriquez, A., Garrido, I. Q. and Paris, R. 2012. Poly(Styrene)/Silica Hybrid Nanoparticles Prepared via ARTP as High Quality Fillers in Elastomeric Composites. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 22(4): 1403-1410. DOI: 10.1039/C1JM14295J.
Ou, B., Yang, G., Xiao, Y., Zeng, X., Zhou, Z., Liu, Q., Zhang, X. and Li, D. 2013. Covalent Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticle with Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate) via ATRP at Ambient Temperature. Journal of Macromolecular Science Part A. 50(1): 25-28. DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2013.735948.
Nemati, N., Taromi, F. A. and Mirzataheri, M. 2015. In-situ Water Based Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene/Ethylhexyl Acrylate in Presence of Cloisite 15A. Procedia Materials Science. 11: 542-547. DOI: 10.1016/j.mspro.2015.11.046.
Devi, R. R. and Maji, T. K. 2013. In Situ Polymerized Wood Polymer Composite: Effect of Additives and Nanoclay on the Thermal, Mechanical Properties. Materials Research Bulletin. 16(4): 954-963. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-14392013000400035.
Bokobza, L., Leroy, E. and Lalanne, V. 2009. Effect of Filling Mixtures of Sepiolite and A Surface Modified Fumed Silica on the Mechanical and Swelling Behavior of a Styrene-Butadiene Rubber. European Polymer Journal. 45(4): 996-1001. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.12.028.
Devi, R. R. and Maji, T. K. 2013. Interfacial Effect of Surface Modified TiO2 and SiO2 Nanoparticles Reinforcement in the Properties of Wood Polymer Clay Nanocomposites. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 44(4): 505-514. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2012.11.018
Ogunsona, E., Ogbomo, S., Nar, M. and D’Souza, N. A. 2011. Thermal and Mechanical Effects in Polystyrene-Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Foams. Cellular Polymers. 30(2): 79-84.
Lai, J. C. H., Rahman, M. R. and Hamdan, S. 2015. Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Analysis of Polylactic Acid/Fumed Silica/Clay (1.28E) Nanocomposites. International Journal of Polymer Science. 2015: 1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2015/698738.
Yang, W., Dominici, F., Fortunati, E., Kenny, J. M. and Puglia, D. 2015. Melt Free Radical Grafting Of Glycidyl Methacrylate (GMA) Onto Fully Biodegradable Poly(Lactic) Acid Films: Effect of Cellulose Nanocrystals And A Masterbatch Process. RSC Advances. 5(41): 32350-32357. DOI: 10.1039/C5RA00894H.
Sowribabu, K., Reddy, A. R. C., Sujatha, C. and Reddy, K. V. 2011. Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanoclusters Supported on Mesoporous Silica. Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. 5(9): 943-947. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286797171_Structural_and_optical_properties_of_ZnO_nanoclusters_supported_on_mesoporous_silica.
Mukasa-Tebandeke, I. Z., Ssebuwufy, P. J. M., Nyanzi, S. A., Schumann, A., Nyakairu, G. W. A., Ntale, M. and Lugolobi, F. 2015. The Elemental, Mineralogical, IR, DTA and XRD Analyses Characterized Clays and Clay Minerals of Central and Eastern Uganda. Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry. 5(2): 67-86. DOI: 10.4236/ampc.2015.52010.
Bicak, N., Bulutcu, N., Senkal, B. F. and Gazi, M. 2001. Modification of Crosslinked Glycidyl Methacrylate-based Polymers for Boron-Specific Column Extraction. Reactive and Functional Polymers. 47(3): 175-184. DOI: 10.1016/S1381-5148(01)00025-6.
Sultan, M. T., Rahman, M. R., Hamdan, S., Lai, J. C. H. and Talib, Z. A. 2016. Clay Dispersed Styrene-co-Glycidyl Methacrylate Impregnated Kumpang Wood Polymer Nanocomposites: Impact on Mechanical and Morphological Properties. BioResources. 11(3): 6649-6662. http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_11_3_6649_Tipu_Sultan_Clay_Dispersed_Styrene_Methacrylate_Kumpang_Wood.
Bellamy, L. J. 1975. The Infra-Red Spectra of Complex Molecules. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd. http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-94-011-6520-4.
Jing, S. Y., Lee, H. J. and Choi, C. K. 2002. Chemical Bond Structure on Si-O-C Composite Films with a Low Dielectric Constant Deposited by Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition. Journal of Korean Physical Society. 41(5): 769-773. http://scholar.ndsl.kr/schArticleDetail.do?cn=NART14756627.
Alizadeh, D. 2016. Effect of Clay Addition on Mode II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness and Flexural Fatigue Behavior of Glass/Epoxy Composites. Canada: Concordia University. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/981282/1/Alizadeh_MASc_F2016.pdf.
Lv, J. N., Fang, S. J. and Chen, L. 2009. Preparation and Characterization of Affinity Polymer Basic Microspheres by Soap-Free Emulsion Polymerization. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science. 27(1): 101-108. http://www.cjps.org/EN/Y2009/V27/I1/101.
Wang, H. T., Zhong, W., Xu, P. and Du, Q.G. 2004. Properties of Polyimide/Silica Nanohybrids from Silicic Acid Oligomer. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 289(9): 793-799. DOI: 10.1002/mame.200400002.
Fan, J., Liu, S., Chen, G. and Qi, Z. 2002. SEM Study of a Polystyrene/Clay Nanocomposite. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 83(1): 66-69. DOI: 10.1002/app.2232.
Flitz, C. 2008. Preparation and Characterization of Recycled Polypropylene Based Nanocomposites. Turkey: Middle East Technical University. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.632.7227&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
Brunauer, B., Emmett, P. H. and Teller, E. 1938. Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 60(2): 309-319. DOI: 10.1021/ja01269a023.
Hazarika, A. and Maji, T. K. 2014. Modification of Softwood by Monomers and Nanofillers. Defence Science Journal. 64(3): 262-272. DOI: 10.14429/dsj.64.7325.
Surej, R. C., Praseetha, P. N. and George, K.E. 2011. In Situ Addition Polymerization of Styrene using Nanoclay and Evaluation of Properties. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering. 1(4): 133-135. http://www.ijera.com/papers/Vol2_issue4/FT2410451049.pdf.
Ahmed, J. K., Al-maamori, M. H. and Ali, H.M. 2015. Effect of Nano Silica on the Mechanical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Composite. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications. 4(2-1): 15-20. DOI: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.s.2015040201.14.
Abbas, F. and Al-Husnawi, H. 2014. A Study of the Effect of Zinc Oxide on Physical Properties of NR/SBR Blends. Iraq: University of Kufa. http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=102860.
Chang, C. R. and Chang, F.C. 1996. Polymer Blends of Polyamide-6 and Poly(Phenylene Oxide) Compatibilized by Styrene-co-Glycidyl Methacrylate. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 61(13): 2411-2421. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19960926)61:13<2411::AID-APP21>3.0.CO;2-5.
Azizi Samir, M. A. S., Alloin, F., Dufrense, A. 2005. Review of Recent Research into Cellulosic Whiskers, Their Properties and Their Application in Nanocomposite Field. Biomacromolecules. 6(2): 612-626. DOI: 10.1021/bm0493685.
Ramachandran, V. S. and Kacker, K. P. 1964. The Thermal Decomposition of Dye-clay Mineral Complexes. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 14(10): 455-460. DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5010141008.
Jiang, S., Deng, J. and Yang, W. 2008. Block Copolymers Prepared by Free Radical Polymerization using α-Methylstyrene-containing Precopolymer as Macroinitiator. Polymer Journal. 40: 543-548. DOI: 10.1295/polymj.PJ2007192.
Liang, S. J. and Yang, W. T. 2011. Functionalization of Polypropylene and Compatibilization of Polypropylene/nylon 6 Blends with Copolymers Containing α-methyl Styrene Units. Acta Polymerica Sinica. 11(2): 180-185. https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/epoly.2010.10.issue-1/epoly.2010.10.1.1033/epoly.2010.10.1.1033.xml.
Chanmal, C. V. and Jog, J. P. 2008. Dielectric Relaxations in PVDF/BaTiO3 Nanocomposites. eXPRESS Polymer Letters. 2(4): 294-301. DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2008.35.
Zeng, Z., Yu, J. and Guo, Z. X. 2004. Preparation of Epoxy-Functionalized Polystyrene/Silica Core-Shell Composite Nanoparticles. Journal of Polymer Science. 42(9): 2253-2262. DOI: 10.1002/pola.20059.
Rozman, H. D., Kumar, R. N., Abusamah, A. and Saad, M. J. 1998. Miscibility between Natural Rubber and Tackifiers. II. Phase Diagrams of the Blends of Natural Rubber and Petroleum Resins. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 67(2): 221-229. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980110)67:2<221::AID-APP4>3.0.CO;2-W.
Barshad, I. 1952. Adsorptive and Swelling Properties of Clay-Water System. Clay Clay Minerals. 1(1): 70-77. DOI: 10.1346/CCMN.1952.0010108.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
