FEASIBILITY OF HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW AS AN ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Ahmed Rahomi Rajab; Yasir Al-Ani; Zainab Malik  Ismael

doi:10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.17850

Authors

Ahmed Rahomi Rajab Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Anbar, 31001 Ramadi, Anbar Province, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4420-0576
Yasir Al-Ani Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Anbar, 31001 Ramadi, Anbar Province, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3315-3954
Zainab Malik Ismael Department of Civil Engineering, Al-Maaref University College, 31001 Ramadi, Anbar Province, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3315-3954

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.17850

Keywords:

Horizontal subsurface flow (HSF), low-cost treatment technique, wastewater reuse, effective alternative wastewater treatment technique, contaminants removal

Abstract

Ramadi is one of the Iraqi cities which doesn't have a WWTP. The generated domestic wastewaters are treated by the individual septic tanks. Hence, most domestic wastewater is percolating into the subsurface water and groundwater causing their pollution. The tragedian water shortage scenarios predicted by other studies have motivated the looking for new water resources. The reuse of treated wastewater is one of these alternatives. Therefore, this study tries to investigate the feasibility of using such a cheap and easy controlled technique as a horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) for treating wastewater. A lab-scale reactor has been built up from acrylic, one half of its height was filled with soil that has been collected from a selected region. The reactor was charged with wastewater using batch feeding (30 L each run) and the study lasted for 3 months with an average of one run weekly including the acclimatization period. Results revealed the fairly contaminants’ removal, where the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD₅, and TSS were 76%, 73%, and 90%, respectively. In conclusion, the HSF is a reasonable, low cost, less complicated treatment technology that could be adopted as an alternative water resource for irrigation of the green belt.

References

Al-Ansari, N. 2013. Management of Water Resources in Iraq: Perspectives and Prognoses. Engineering. 5: 667-684.

https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2013.58080.

Abd-El-Mooty, M., Kansoh, R., Abdulhadi, A. 2016. Challenges of Water Resources in Iraq. Hydrology Current Research. 7: 1-8.

https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000260.

Zidan, A. R. A., El-Gamal, M. M., Rashed, A. A., El-Hady Eid M. A. A. 2015. Wastewater Treatment in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands using Different Media (Setup Stage). Water Science. 29: 26-35.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2015.02.003.

Stefanakis, A. I. 2020. Constructed Wetlands: Description and Benefits of an Eco-Tech Water Treatment System, Waste Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. IGI Global2020. 503-525.

https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1210-4.ch025.

Vymazal J. 2019. Is Removal of Organics and Suspended Solids in Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands Sustainable for Twenty and More Years? Chemical Engineering Journal. 378: 122117.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122117.

Avellán, T., Gremillion, P. 2019. Constructed Wetlands for Resource Recovery in Developing Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 99: 42-57.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.09.024.

Tatoulis, T., Akratos, C. S., Tekerlekopoulou, A. G., Vayenas, D. V., Stefanakis, A. I. 2017. A Novel Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland: Reducing Area Requirements and Clogging Risk. Chemosphere. 186: 257-268.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.151.

Federation, W. E., Association, A. P. H. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association (APHA): Washington, DC, USA.

Llanos-Lizcano, A., Barraza, E., Narvaez, A., Varela, L., Caselles-Osorio, A. 2019. Efficiency of Pilot-scale Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands and Microbial Community Composition Operating Under Tropical Conditions. International Journal of Phytoremediation. (21): 34-42.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2018.1523874.

Gomes, A.C., Silva, L., Albuquerque, A., Simões, R., Stefanakis, A.I. 2018. Investigation of Lab-scale Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Treating Industrial Cork Boiling Wastewater. Chemosphere. 207: 430-439.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.123.

Andreo-Martínez, P., García-Martínez, N., Quesada-Medina, J., Almela, L. 2017. Domestic Wastewaters Reuse Reclaimed by an Improved Horizontal Subsurface-flow constructed Wetland: A Case Study in the Southeast of Spain. Bioresource Technology. 233: 236-246.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.123.

Vymazal, J. 2018. Does Clogging Affect Long-term Removal of Organics and Suspended Solids in Gravel-Based Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands, Chemical Engineering Journal. 331: 663-674.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.09.048.

Galal, T. M., Gharib, F. A., Ghazi, S. M., Mansour, K. H. 2017. Metal Uptake Capability of Cyperus articulatus L. and its Role in Mitigating Heavy Metals from Contaminated Wetlands. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 24: 21636-21648.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9793-8.

Kadlec, R. H., Wallace, S. 2008. Treatment Wetlands. CRC Press.

https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420012514.

Othman, M., M. Awang, N. Samsudin, Z. Suif, N. Ahmad, M.M. Nor 2020. The Performance of Pilot-scale Constructed Wetland for Treating Stormwater. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 2020. 012074.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/498/1/012074.

Lancheros, J. C., Madera-Parra, C. A., Caselles-Osorio, A., Torres-López, W. A., Vargas-Ramírez, X. M. 2019. Ibuprofen and Naproxen Removal from Domestic Wastewater using a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Coupled to Ozonation. Ecological Engineering. 135: 89-97.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.05.007.

Herrera-Melián, J. A., Mendoza-Aguiar, M., Alonso-Guedes, R., García-Jiménez, P., Carrasco-Acosta, M., Ranieri, E. 2020. Multistage Horizontal Subsurface Flow vs. Hybrid Constructed Wetlands for the Treatment of Raw Urban Wastewater. Sustainability. 12: 5102.

https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125102.

Moret-Fernández, D., Herrero, J. 2015. Effect of Gypsum Content on Soil Water Retention. Journal of Hydrology. 528: 122-126.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.030.

D. Kuttah, K. Sato. 2015. Review on the Effect of Gypsum Content on Soil Behavior. Transportation Geotechnics. 4: 28-37.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2015.06.003.

Freedman, A., Gross, A., Shelef, O., Rachmilevitch, S., Arnon, S. 2014. Salt Uptake and Evapotranspiration Under Arid Conditions in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Planted with Halophytes. Ecological Engineering. 70: 282-286.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.06.012.

Ammari, T. G., Al-Zu'bi, Al-Balawneh, Y., A., Tahhan, R., Al-Dabbas, M., Ta'any, R. A., Abu-Harb, R. 2014. An Evaluation of the Re-circulated Vertical Flow Bioreactor to Recycle Rural Greywater for Irrigation under Arid Mediterranean Bioclimate. Ecological Engineering. 70: 16-24.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.009.

Reynolds, T. D., P. A. C. Richards 1995. Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering. PWS Publishing Company.

Fatta, D., Salem, Z., Mountadar, M., Assobhei, O., Loizidou, M. 2004. Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation for Agricultural Irrigation: The Situation in Morocco and Palestine. Environmentalist. 24: 227-236.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-005-0998-x.

Pedrero, F., Kalavrouziotis, I., Alarcón, J. J., Koukoulakis, P., Asano, T. 2010. Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater in Irrigated Agriculture-Review of Some Practices in Spain and Greece. Agricultural Water Management. 97: 1233-1241.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.03.003.

Minhas, P., Yadav, R., Lal, K., Chaturvedi, R. 2015. Effect of Long-term Irrigation with Wastewater on Growth, Biomass Production and Water use by Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.) Planted at Variable Stocking Density. Agricultural Water Management. 152: 151-160.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.01.009.

Palese, A., Pasquale, V., Celano, G., Figliuolo, G., Masi, S., Xiloyannis, C. 2009. Irrigation of Olive Groves in Southern Italy with Treated Municipal Wastewater: Effects on Microbiological Quality of Soil and Fruits. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 129: 43-51.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.07.003.

Al-Busaidi, A., Shahroona, B., Al-Yahyai, R., Ahmed, M. 2015. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils and Date Palms Irrigated by Groundwater and Treated Wastewater. Pak. J. Agri. Sci. 52: 129-134.

El Mardi, M. O., Salama, S. B., Consolacion, E., Al‐Shabibi, M. S. 1995. Effect of Treated Sewage Water on Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Date Palm. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 26: 1895-1904.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369416.

FEASIBILITY OF HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW AS AN ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Authors

DOI:

Keywords:

Abstract

References

Downloads

Published

Issue

Section

License

How to Cite

Make a Submission

scopus

Information