MAXIMIZING VOLUME OF SPENT BLEACHING EARTH ASH (SBEA) POZZOLAN USED AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN MORTAR THROUGH MECHANICAL ACTIVATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.18177Keywords:
Spent bleaching earth ash (SBEA), natural pozzolan, pozzolanic reactivity, mechanical activation, grindingAbstract
Spent bleaching earth ash (SBEA) is harmful waste from the oil refining industry that has previously exhibited pozzolanic properties and potential for use as cement replacement. Conventional pozzolanic replacements in cements are typically limited to 30 % only as excessive amounts have detrimental on cement strength. This research aimed to investigate the feasibility of increasing the level of replacement past 30 % through mechanical activation. Preliminary investigations revealed that SBEA contains sufficient silica and alumina oxides to be classified as Class N pozzolan in accordance with ASTM C618. As expected with pozzolans, the use of SBEA in cement mortar improved the 28 and 56-day compressive strengths up to 30 % substitution but at the same time also increased the water requirement. Mechanical activation was able to improve the level of substitution to 50 % through a mix of increasing pozzolanic reactivity of SBEA as well as increasing the specific surface area of its particles.
References
Abdelli, K. et al. 2017. Influence of the Pozzolanic Reactivity of the Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) and Metakaolin on Mortars. Energy Procedia. 139: 224-229.
Al-Swaidani, A. M., Aliyan, S. D. and Adarnaly, N. 2017. Mechanical Strength Development of Mortars Containing Volcanic Scoria-based Binders with Different Fineness. Collection of Engineering Science and Technology.
Asim, F. Z. A. and Mohamed Sutan, N. 2016. Thermal Characterization of Pozzolanic Activity of Hydrated Cement System Modified by Silica Based Industrial Waste. Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering. 2(1): 1-7.
ASTM C109/C109M-02. 2002. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars. ASTM International. 1-6.
ASTM C1437 –07. 2009. Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar ASTM International.
ASTM C618–05. 2005. Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete. ASTM International.
Raman, A. A. A . et al. 2001. Feasibility Study of Oil Recovery from Used Bleaching Earth Using Waste Solvents. Chemistry & Technology Conference, 2001 PIPOC International Palm Oil Congress. 126-133.
Barbosa, J. M. et al. 2019. Influence of Grinding on the Pozzolanic Activity of Granite Residue, Revista Escola de Minas. 72(3): 395-404.
Boateng, A. A. and Skeete, D. A. 1990. Incineration of Rice Hull for Use as a Cementitious Material: The Guyana Experience. Cement and Concrete Research. 20(5): 795-802.
Cheng, S. et al. 2021. Pozzolanic Activity of Mechanochemically and Thermally Activated Coal-series Kaolin in Cement-based Materials. Construction and Building Materials. 299: 123972.
Cordeiro, G. C. et al. 2009. Ultrafine Grinding of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash for Application as Pozzolanic Admixture in Concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 39(2): 110-115.
Cordeiro, G. C., Andreão, P. V. and Tavares, L. M. 2019. Pozzolanic Properties of Ultrafine Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash Produced by Controlled Burning. Heliyon. 5(10): 0-5.
Cordeiro, G. C., Tavares, L. M. and Toledo Filho, R. D. 2016. Improved Pozzolanic Activity of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash by Selective Grinding and Classification. Cement and Concrete Research. 89: 269-275.
Croney, D. and Croney, P. 1997 Design and Performance of Road Pavements. 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional.
Day, R. L. and Shi, C. 1994. Influence of the Fineness of Pozzolan on the Strength of lime Natural-pozzolan Cement Pastes. Cement and Concrete Research. 24(8): 1485-1491.
Feng, J., Sun, J. and Yan, P. 2018. The Influence of Ground Fly Ash on Cement Hydration and Mechanical Property of Mortar. Advances in Civil Engineering. 2018.
Ghasemi, M. et al. 2019. Dealing with Workability Loss Challenge in SCC Mixtures Incorporating Natural Pozzolans: A Study of Natural Zeolite and Pumice. Construction and Building Materials. 222: 424-436.
Ilić, B. et al. 2016. Effects of Mechanical and Thermal Activation on Pozzolanic Activity of Kaolin Containing Mica. Applied Clay Science. 123: 173-181.
IS 456: 2000. Plain Concrete and Reinforced - Code of Practice 2000 Bureau of Indian Standards, New Dehli.
Jaturapitakkul, C. et al. 2011. Filler Effect and Pozzolanic Reaction of Ground Palm Oil Fuel Ash. Construction and Building Materials. 25(11): 4287-4293.
Kubica, J. and Galman, I. 2022. Investigations on Flexural and Compressive Strengths of Mortar Dedicated to Clinker Units—Influence of Mixing Water Content and Curing Time. Materials. 15(1).
Kusaimi, N. F. M. et al. 2020. Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Pavement Derived from Palm Oil Eco Processed Pozzolan (Epp) Material as Partial Cement Replacement. ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering. 20(2): 205-215.
Megat Johari, M. A. et al. 2012. Engineering and Transport Properties of High-strength Green Concrete Containing High Volume of Ultrafine Palm Oil Fuel Ash. Construction and Building Materials. 30: 281-288.
Mota dos Santos, A. A. and Cordeiro, G. C. 2021 Investigation of Particle Characteristics and Enhancing the Pozzolanic Activity of Diatomite by Grinding. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 270(September 2020).
Othman, N., Ismail, H. and Mariatti, M. 2006. Effect of Compatibilisers on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Bentonite Filled Polypropylene Composites. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 91(8): 1761-1774.
Rahman, R. F. A. et al. 2020. Study of Eco-processed Pozzolan Characterization as Partial Replacement of Cement. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques. 8(3): 967-970.
Rokiah, O. et al. 2019. Effect of Processed Spent Bleaching Earth Content on the Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 244(1).
Roychand, R. et al. 2016. High Volume Fly Ash Cement Composite Modified with Nano Silica, Hydrated Lime and Set Accelerator. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions. 49(5): 1997-2008.
Samadi, M. et al. 2020. Enhanced Performance of Nano-palm Oil Ash-based Green Mortar against Sulphate Environment. Journal of Building Engineering. 32(March): 101640.
Sičáková, A., Figmigová, E. and Špak, M. 2020. Comparison of the Strength Development of Binary and ternary Cements Containing Perlite Powder. Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering. 15(1): 47-57.
da Silva Andrade, D. et al. 2019. Investigation of C-S-H in Ternary Cement Pastes Containing Nanosilica and Highly-reactive Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs): Microstructure and Strength. Construction and Building Materials. 198: 445-455.
Taylor-Lange, S. C. et al. 2015. Calcined Kaolinite-bentonite Clay Blends as Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Applied Clay Science. 108: 84-93.
Vegetable Oil Prices on an Upward Trend 2020 Oil Seeds: World Markets and Trade.
Vizcayno, C. et al. 2010. Pozzolan Obtained by Mechanochemical and Thermal Treatments of Kaolin. Applied Clay Science. 49(4): 405-413.
Walker, R. and Pavía, S. 2011. Physical Properties and Reactivity of Pozzolans, and Their Influence on the Properties of Lime-pozzolan Pastes. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions. 44(6): 1139-1150.
Yao, G. et al. 2019. Effect of Mechanical Grinding on Pozzolanic Activity and Hydration Properties of Siliceous Gold Ore Tailings. Journal of Cleaner Production. 217: 12-21.
Yao, G. et al. 2020. Effects of Mechanical Grinding on Pozzolanic Activity and Hydration Properties of Quartz. Advanced Powder Technology. 31(11): 4500-4509.
Zhang, C. and Lu, N. 2019 Peering into Pores: What Happens When Water Meets Soil? EOS.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
