IMPROVING THE CONSOLIDATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SALINE SABKHA SOIL BY ADDING BITUMEN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.18313Keywords:
Sabkha soil, compression index (Cc), swelling index (Cs), collapse potential (CP), oedometer testAbstract
The rapid economic and population growth, increase in constructions, and a small selection of appropriate soil resources in Kuwait have made it necessary to research soil stabilization methods because the existing soils are currently unsuitable in their natural conditions. In this study, the consolidation characteristics of sabkha soil samples in southern Kuwait mixed with 0%, 4%, 8%, and 10% bitumen with respect to soil dry weight were investigated. For this purpose, an experimental program, including soil characterization tests, modified Proctor compaction test, one-dimensional consolidation test, and collapsibility test, was executed. Results indicate that increasing the bitumen percentage improves the compressibility characteristics of sabkha soil. Upon the addition of 10% bitumen, the yield stress increased from 25 to 34 kPa, compression index slightly increased from 0.02774 to 0.03145, and swelling index decreased from 0.0119 to 0003. Further, there was a considerable reduction in the collapse potential from 1.192 to 0.301 upon the addition of 10% bitumen. Thus, it is evident that the disadvantageous characteristics of sabkha soil can be mitigated. The results support the possibility of recycling the sabkha soil, thereby contributing toward addressing the environmental issues associated with the disposal of excavated sabkha soil.
References
Aldaihani, H. M, Al-Otaibi, F. A. and Alrukaibi. D. S. 2020. Investigation of Permeability Behavior of Wet Oil Lake Contaminated Sandy Soil at Al-Ahmadi in Kuwait. International Journal of GEOMATE. 19(73): 141-147.
Al-Hurban, A., and Gharib, I. 2004. Geomorphological and Sedimentological Characteristics of Coastal and Inland Sabkhas, Southern Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environments. 58(1): 59-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00128-9.
Al-Otaibi, F. A. 2020. Dissolution Behavior of Corrosive Anions from Sabkha Soil Southern Kuwait under Long Term Leaching. International Journal of GEOMATE. 19(74): 138-144.
Al-Otaibi, F. A. 2020. Variation of Sabkha Soil Permeability Associated with Ions� Dissolution During Distilled Water Leaching. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering. 14(4).
Ismael, N. F. 1993. Geotechnical Characteristics of Salt Bearing Soils in Kuwait. Transportation Research Board 72nd Annual Meeting (Paper No. 930035), 1993, United States: Washington, D. C.
Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., Abduljauwad, S. N., and El-Naggar, Z. R. 1992. Response of Sabkha to Laboratory Tests - A Case Study. Engineering Geology. 33(2): 111-125.
DOI: 10.1016/00137952(92)90003-H.
Al-Shamrani, M. A., and Dhowian, A. W. 1997. Preloading for Reduction of Compressibility Characteristics of Sabkha Soil Profiles. Engineering Geology. 48(1-2): 19-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(97)81912-6
Dhowian, A. W. 1991. Secondary Compression of Sabkha Saline Soils. Engineering Geology. 30(2): 155-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(91)90041-I.
Akili, W., and Torrance, J. K. 1981. The Development and Geotechnical Problems of Sabkha, with Preliminary Experiments on the Static Penetration Resistance of Cemented Sands. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 14(1): 59-73.
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1981.014.01.05.
Al-Otaibi, F. A., and Aldaihani, H. M. 2021. Determination of the Collapse Potential of Sabkha Soil and Dune Sand Arid Surface Soil Deposits in Kuwait. Jurnal Teknologi. 83(3): 93-100.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.14863.
Al-Otaibi, F. A., and Aldaihani, H. M. 2018. Influence of Bitumen Addition on Sabkha Soil Shear Strength Characteristics Under Dry and Soaked Conditions. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (AJEAS). 11(4): 1199-1208.
Elshenawy, A. O., Hamid, M., and Alnuaim, A. M. 2021. A Review on the Characteristics of Sabkha Soils in the Arabian Gulf Region. Arab Journal of Geoscience. 14(1-2).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021 08275.
Elsawy, M. B. D., and Lakhouit, A. 2020. A Review on the Impact of Salinity on Foundation Soil of Coastal Infrastructures and its Implications to North of Red Sea Coastal Constructions. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05601-6.
Livneh, M., Livneh, N. A., and Hayati, G. 1998. Site Investigation of Sub-Soil with Gypsum Lenses for Runway Construction in an Arid Zone in Southern Israel. Engineering Geology. 51(2): 131-145.
DOI: doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(98)00046-5.
Asi, I. M., Al-Abdul Wahhab, H. I., Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., Khan, M. I., and Siddiqi, Z. 2002. Stabilization of Dune Sand Using Foamed Asphalt. Geotechnical Testing Journal. 25(2): 168-176. DOI: doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11360J.
Sarsam, S. I. 2021. Assessing the Influence of Combined Stabilization on the Geotechnical Properties of Subgrade Soil. Journal of Advances in Geotechnical Engineering. 4(2).
Asi, I. M. 2001. Stabilization of Sabkha Soil Using Foamed Asphalt. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 13(5).
DOI: doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2001)13:5(325).
Al-Abdul Wahhab, H. I., and Asi, I. M. 1997. Improvement of Marl and Dune Sand for Highway Construction in Arid Areas. Building and Environment. 32(3): 271-279.
DOI: 10.1016/S0360-1323(96)00067-4.
Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., Asi, I. M., and El-Naggar, Z. R. 1995. Stabilization of an Arid, Saline Sabkha Soil Using Additives. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology. 28(4): 369-379.
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.QJEGH.1995. 028.P4.06.
Al-Homoud, A. S., Khedaywi, T., and Al-Ajlouni, A. M. 1996. Engineering and Environmental Aspects of Cutback Asphalt (MC-70) Stabilization of Swelling and Collapsible Soils. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & Geomechanics Abstract. 1(4): 497-506.
DOI: 10.2113/gseegeosci.I.4.497.
Al-Otaibi, F. A., and Wegian, F. M., Investigating the Effect of Bitumen Content on Ion Dissolution in Bitumen Mixed Sabkha Soil. Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering. 39(1B): 93-102.
Al-Otaibi, F. A., Wegian, F. M., Alnaki, A. A., Almutairi, S. K. H., and Singh, R. M. 2012. Effect of Bitumen Addition on the Long-Term Permeability of Sabkha Soil. Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering. 39: 131-148.
Salameen, F. A., Habibi, N., Uddin, S., Mataqi, K. A., Doaij, B. A., Amad, S. A., and Ali, E. A. 2021. Characterization and Identification of Microorganisms Associated with Airborne Dust in Kuwait. Doctoral dissertation, Figshare.
Al-Otaibi, F. A. 2006. An Assessment of the Possibility of Stabilizing Sabkha Soils Using Oil Lake Residue-Reuse of Waste Materials. Ph.D. Thesis. Cardiff UniversityWales, UK.
American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). 2015. Standard Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid-Curing Type), ASTM D2028/D2028M-15. United States: ASTM. DOI: 10.1520/D2028-97.
American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). 1998. Standard Test Method for Particle- Size Analysis of Soil (Report No. D-422-04). United States: ASTM.
American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). 1995. Standard Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils (Report No. D-4318-04). United States: ASTM.
American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). 1999. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, the Standard Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). ASTM D 2487 West Conshohocken, Philadelphia (Pa), USA.
American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). 2014. Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer. ASTM D 854-14 (ASTM). West Conshohocken, Philadelphia (Pa), USA.
American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). 2008. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)) (Report No. D1557-12e1). United States: ASTM.
American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). 2011. Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading. ASTM standard ASTM D2435-11.
American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). 2003. Standard Test Method for Measurement of Collapse Potential of Soils. American Society for Testing and Materials, D 5333-96. West Conshohocken, Philadelphia (Pa), USA.
Day, R. W. 2001. Soil Testing Manual. 1st Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Al-Dalamah, A. K., and Al-Hurban, A. E. 2019. The Impact of Urbanization Expansion on the Geomorphology of the Southern Coastal Sabkhas from Ras Al-Jailiaha to Al-Khiran, South Kuwait. Journal of Geographic Information System. 11(05): 609. DOI: 10.4236/jgis.2019.115038.
Mitchell, J. K., 1993. Fundamentals of Soil Behaviour. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Messad, A., and Moussai, B. 2016. Effect of Water Salinity on Atterberg limits of El-Hodna Sabkha Soil. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 75: 301-309.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0733-x.
Das B. M. 2008. Advanced Soil Mechanics. London & New York: Taylor & Francis Group. Master E-Book.
Nalbantoglue, Z., and Gucbilmez, E., Improvement of Calcareous Expansive Soils in Semi-Arid Environments. Journal of Arid Environments. 47: 453-463.
DOI: doi.org/10.1006/jare.2000.0726.
Tiwari, B., and Ajmera, B. 2011. A New Correlation Relating the Shear Strength of Reconstituted Soil to the Proportions of Clay Minerals and Plasticity Characteristics. Applied Clay Science. 53(1): 48-57.
DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2011.04.021.
Jennings, J. R., Knight, K. 1975. A Guide to Construction on or With Materials Exhibiting Additional Settlement Due to Collapse of Grain Structure. Proceedings of the Sixth Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 16–19, Johannesburg, South Africa. 99-105.
Reddy, P. S., Mohanty, B., and Rao, B. H. 2021. Investigations for Chemical Parameters Effect on Swelling Characteristics of Expansive Soils. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 25: 4088–4105.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-1532-5.
Bao, W. X., and Zhang, S. S. 2016. Experimental Study on Salt Expansion and Thawing Subsidence Properties of Sandy Saline Soil. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 38(4): 734-739.
DOI:10.11779/CJGE201604019).
Ismael N. F., Mollah M. A., and AL-Khaldi O. 1986. Geotechnical Properties of Cemented Soils in Kuwait. Australian Road Research. 16(2): 94-104.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
