MICROWAVE REFLECTOMETRY CIRCUITS INTEGRATION WITH COAXIAL PROBE FOR INITIAL BREAST TUMOR DETECTION

Authors

  • Kok Yeow You Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7571
  • Nadera Najib Al-Areqi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • Wei Jer Lim Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University College, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
  • Kim Yee Lee Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43200 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Ee Meng Cheng Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  • Cheng Seong Khe Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Perak, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v87.22665

Keywords:

Complex-ratio-measuring circuits, synthetic breast tumors, one-port calibration, relative complex permittivity, open-ended coaxial probe, reflection coefficient

Abstract

A six-port reflectometry (SPR) system was developed to predict the dielectric properties of both tumor and normal breast tissue, intended for medical diagnostic applications. Ensuring precise measurements, the SPR underwent calibration using a well-established four-step procedure, which will be briefly outlined. Afterward, the investigated coaxial probe was connected to the SPR through the calibrated measurement port. Subsequently, the exposed end of the probe aperture was immersed into synthetic samples representing both healthy and cancerous breast tissue to assess the dielectric constant, εrʹ and loss factor, εrʺ across frequencies ranging from 1.5 GHz to 3.3 GHz. The dielectric constant, εrʹ and loss factor, εrʺ were derived from the measured reflection coefficient using a closed-form equation associated with the coaxial probe. An examination was undertaken to compare the performance of a commercially available vector network analyzer (VNA) outfitted with a Keysight 85070E dielectric probe against an SPR-probe system. The comparison was based on analyzing the reflection coefficient magnitude, phase shift, dielectric constant, and loss factor of synthetic breast tissue samples. The study revealed maximum absolute errors of 0.01, 1.07°, 1.12, and 0.75 for the measured reflection coefficient magnitude, phase shift, dielectric constant, and loss factor, respectively. The calibrated reflection coefficient and predicted relative permittivity, εr can be effectively utilized to distinguish between normal (εrʹ < 50) and tumor (εrʹ > 50) breast tissue.

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Published

2024-11-11

Issue

Vol. 87 No. 1: Forthcoming Issue January 2025

Section

Science and Engineering

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Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.

How to Cite

MICROWAVE REFLECTOMETRY CIRCUITS INTEGRATION WITH COAXIAL PROBE FOR INITIAL BREAST TUMOR DETECTION. (2024). Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), 87(1). https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v87.22665