PERMEABILITY AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF NORMAL CONCRETE SUBMERGED IN SEA AND BRACKISH WATER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v87.22842Keywords:
Brackish water, compressive strength, concrete, seawater, seepage-flowAbstract
Indonesia, an archipelagic nation with numerous rivers and the longest coastline in the world, is home to many small and simple piers, most of which utilize normal concrete. This study examines the permeability of concrete with a compressive strength of 22.5 MPa (fc’) and its degradation when immersed in seawater and brackish water at a small pier in Lampung, Indonesia. The immersion durations were 28 and 56 days. The permeability test samples and the immersed concrete samples for the compression test were cylinders with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm, subjected to a split tensile test. Permeation depth was measured from the split samples. The standard permeability test resulted in a depth of 2.66 cm, meeting the material requirements for a strong, aggressive environment. The permeability of the samples immersed in seawater increased by 4.14% and 31.74%, while those immersed in brackish water increased by 6.65% and 24.21% at 28 and 56 days, respectively, compared to the standard permeability. A deeper permeation correlated with a reduction in compressive strength. The compressive strength of concrete submerged in seawater decreased by 1.3% and 29%, and by 7% and 18.5% when submerged in brackish water at 28 and 56 days, respectively, against the original fc’. The 10% reduction in compressive strength (Cc) at 28 and 56 days is reflective of permeability and can be expressed by the equation: 10% Cc = (-tan aa) t + Cf, where the permeability slope and Csf are constants.
References
Ghazal, A. I., El-Sheikh, M. Y., and Abd El-Rahim, A. 2021. Effects of Seawater on Setting Time and Compressive Strength of Concretes with Different Richness. Civil Engineering Journal 2021. 7(5): 857–865. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091695.
Arsyad, F., Lakawa, I., Ilham, V. A., and Hakiman, H. 2023. Study of Concrete Mixture Using Sea Sand with Fresh Water and Sea Water Cure. Sultra Civil Engineering Journal 2023 4(1): 20–30. https://jurnal-unsultra.ac.id/index.php/scej/article/view/459/278.
Kumar, R. G. B., and Kesavan, V. 2022. A Review Analysis of Cement Concrete Strength Using Sea Water. Proceeding of Materials Today. 22(3): 983–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.233.
Mansyur, Amiruddin A. A., Parung, H., Tjaronge, M. W., and Tumpu, M. 2021. Utilization of Sea Water to Production of Concrete in Terms of Mechanical Behavior. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2021. 921: 012068,. Doi:10.1088/1755-1315/921/1/0120681.
Ifeanyi, O. E. 2020. Possibility of Sage of Seawater for Mixing and Curing of Concrete in Salty Water Localities. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 2020. 19(3): 19–27. Doi: 10.9734/JERR/2020/v19i317234.
Adnan, A., Parung, H., Tjaronge, M. W., and Djamaluddin, R. 2020. Bond Between Steel Reinforcement Bars and Seawater Concrete. Civil Engineering Journal 2020. 61–68. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-SP(EMCE)-06.
Hamdi, F., and Imran, H. A. 2019. Mechanical Degradation of Normal Concrete due to Seawater Intrusion. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 674: 012015. Doi:10.1088/1757-899X/674/1/012015.
Zhao, Y., Xiang, HuX., Shi, C., Zhang, Z., and Zhu, D. 2021. A Review on Seawater Sea-Sand Concrete: Mixture Proportion, Hydration, Microstructure and Properties. Construction and Building Materials. 2021: 295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123602.
Hermawan, S., Apriyanto, F., Limantara, I. R., Steven, D., Fernaldi, J., and Prajogo, J. E. 2023. A Practical Implementation of Brackish Water Treatment with Local Material in Sidoarjo Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Civil Engineering Dimension Journal. 25(1): 53–65. Doi: https://doi.org/10.9744/ced.25.1.53-66.
Sariman, S., Nurdin, A. R., and Riswanto, M. 2022. White Cement and Concrete Compressive Strength in Sea Water Curing. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science Peer-Reviewed Journal. 9(12). Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.912.3.
Bažant, Z. P., and Wittmann, F. H. 1982. Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures. John Wiley & Sons, New York. http://www.cee.northwestern.edu/people/bazant/PDFs/Papers/S09.pdf.
Hollmann, C. F., Zucchetti, L., Dal Molin, D. C. C., and Masuero, A. B. 2023. Self-Healing Efficiency of Concretes Through Permeability to Chlorides. Materials Journal 2023. Doi:10.14359/51738892.
Ding, Y., Li, D. Zeng, W. 2020. Investigation of Fiber Effect on the Geometrical Property of Crack and Water Permeability of Cracked Concrete. Symposium Paper. International Concrete Abstracts Portal 2020. 343: 401–410. https://www.concrete.org/publications/internationalconcreteabstractsportal.aspx?m=details&i=51728264.
Lee, J., and Harada, K. 2023. A Simple Method for Estimation of Permeability of Concrete from the Compressive Strength and Pore Size Distribution Based on Literature Survey. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 2023. 22(1): 188–200.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2021.2008943.
Jose, M., Cavalline, T. L., Rupnow, Tyson D., Melugiri-Shankaramurthy, Bharath., Lomboy, Gilson., Wang, and Kejin. 2021. Methods of Test for Concrete Permeability: A Critical Review. Celebrating ASTM 125 years 2021. 10(1). https://www.astm.org/acem20200067.html.
Torrent, R. J., Neves, R. D., Imamoto, K-I. 2021. Concrete Permeability and Durability Performance from Theory to Field Applications. CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Concrete-Permeability-and-Durability-Performance-From-Theory-to-Field-Applications/Torrent-Neves-Imamoto/p/book/9781138584884.
Mohammed S. A. 2021. Correlation Between Permeability and Porosity with Other Properties of Concrete. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 2021. 19(2): 538–546. Doi:10.5937/jaes0-27267.
Yang, H., Liu, R., Zheng, Z, and Liu, Y. 2018. Experimental Study on Permeability of Concrete. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 2018. 108(2): 022067. Doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/108/2/022067.
Hung, V. V., Seo S. Y., Kim, H-W., and Lee, G-C. 2021. Permeability and Strength of Pervious Concrete According to Aggregate Size and Blocking Material. Sustainability 2021. 13(1): 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010426.
Shaaban, I. G., Rizzuto, J. P., El-Nemr, A., Bohan, L., Ahmed, H., and Tindyebwa, H. 2020. Mechanical Properties and Air Permeability of Concrete Containing Waste Tires Extracts. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2020. 33(2). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003588.
Zhang, Y., Xu, S., Fang, Z., Zhang, J., and Mao, C. 1010. Permeability of Concrete and Correlation with Microstructure Parameters Determined by 1H NMR. Advances in Material Science and Engineering 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4969680.
Huang, J., Duan, T., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, J., and Lei, Y. 2020. Predicting the Permeability of Pervious Concrete Based on the Beetle Antennae Search Algorithm and Random Forest Model. Advance in Civil Engineering Article 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8863181.
Sandoval, G. F. B., Galobardes, I., Schwantes-Cezario, N., Campos, A., and Toralles, B. M. 2019. Correlation between Permeability and Porosity for Pervious Concrete (PC). DYNA 2019. 86(209): 151–159, Doi: https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n209.77613.
Pratap, K. V., Venkatesh, K., Enthiyaz, S. k., Sumi, M., and Ratnasiri, Y. 2018. Water Permeability, Porosity, and Compressive Strength of High-Performance Concrete. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 2018. 120(6): 4193–4209. http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/.
Katpady, D. N., Hazehara, H., Soeda, M., Kubota, T., and Murakami, S. 2018. Durability Assessment of Blended Concrete by Air Permeability. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 2018. (13)30.
https://ijcsm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40069-018-0260-9.
Romer, M. 2005. Effect of Moisture and Concrete Composition on the Torrent Permeability Measurement. Materials and Structure 2005. (38): 541–547. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02479545.
Niken, C., Elly, T., and Supartono, F. X. 2013. Long-term Shrinkage Empirical Model of High-Performance Concrete in Humid Tropical Weather. Civil and Environmental Research Journal 2018. 3(2): 35–47. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/CER/article/view/4230/4299.
SNI 03-2834-2000. Tatacara Pembuatan Rencana Campuran Beton Normal. Badan Standardisasi Nasional. Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
ASTM E178-02. 2002. Standard Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations. https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/18581/90b96ea24650457d8cab11ab783cec3e/ASTM-E178-02.pdf.
SNI 03-2914-1992. Spesifikasi Beton Bertulang Kedap Air. https://pu.go.id/pustaka/biblio/spesifikasi-beton-bertulang-kedap-air-sni-03-2914-1992/G6869.
Kurtis, K., 2015. Portland Cement Hydration. School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. http://www.slideshare.net/sldeshow/hyd07/32477428.
Malhotra V. M., and Metha, P. K. 1996. Pozzolanic and Cementitious Materials. 1st Edition. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482296761.
Natkunarajah, K., Masilamani, K., Maheswaran, S., Lothenbach, B., Amarasinghe, D. A. S., and Attygalle, D. 2000. Analysis of the Trend of pH Changes of Concrete Pore Solution During the Hydration by Various Analytical Methods. Cement and Concrete Research 2022. 156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106780
Yousuf, S., Shafigh, P., and Ibrahim, Z. 2020. The pH of Cement-based Materials: A Review. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater Sci Ed 2020. 35(5): 908–924. Doi:10.1007/s11595-020-2337-y.
Hartono, H., Hartoko, A., Suhendro, B., Rochmadi, Priyosulistyo, H. 2012. Analisis Penempelan Biota Laut pada Beton dan Diffusivitas Air Laut pada Beton. Simposium Nasional RAPI XI FT UMS.
Wicaksono, I. T., and Nurwidayati, R. 2022. The Effect of pH Water on the Concrete Mixtures and Curing Condition on the Compressive Strength of Concrete. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2022. 999: 012006. Doi:10.1088/1755-1315/999/1/012006 1
Ridho, A., Siregar, Y. I., Nasution, S. 2012. Habitat dan Sebaran Populasi Kerang Darah (A Granosa) di Muara Sungai Indragiri Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir. Skripsi 2012. https://repository.unri.ac.id/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/1426/Afdhal%20Ridho%20-%200704111732.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Trägårdh, J., and Björn Lagerblad. 1998. Leaching of 90-year-old Concrete Mortar in Contact with Stagnant Water. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute 1998. https://www.skb.com/publication/15557/TR-98-11_OCR.pdf.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
