EMPIRICAL MODEL FOR WATER PENETRATION OF SEA WATER TO PREDICT CONCRETE COVER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v88.24766Abstract
Indonesia requires small docks to support transportation and economic activities. Concrete is the preferred material for pier construction due to its durability. However, exposure to seawater and wave action necessitates adequate protection. This study investigates seawater penetration in concrete at an actual site—the Lempasing Fisherman’s Boat Pier in Lampung Province, Indonesia—over a period of 365 days. The research utilized concrete with a compressive strength of 22.5 MPa, made with PCC cement, which meets the penetration depth requirements for highly aggressive environments according to the standard penetration test. The concrete was initially cured by immersion in fresh water for seven days before being subjected to seawater immersion. The results indicate that penetration depth can be expressed by the empirical model y = a ln (bx) + c, which aligns with the findings of Yoo et al. (2011). Using this model, seawater penetration is predicted for a 50-year period. At 50 years, penetration is estimated to reach approximately 8.5 cm. Therefore, with a 13 cm concrete cover, the structure is expected to last up to 50 years with a safety factor exceeding 1.5. However, the compressive strength of the concrete significantly declined to 7 MPa after 365 days. The continuous action of ocean waves and the ingress of chemical elements from seawater led to ettringite formation and pore expansion, ultimately causing concrete cracking. The early immersion of concrete before pore discontinuity was fully established resulted in a substantial strength reduction.
References
Maraşlı, M., Subaşı, S., Ramazanoğlu, D., Özdal, V., & Hatipoglu, Y. 2023. Water Penetration Effects on Concrete Strength and Prevention Approaches, in book: Pioneer Contemporary Studies in Engineering, Duvar Publishing. 21-43 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372239332
Bazant, Z., and Wittmann, F. 1982. Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures. John Wiley & Sons.
Han, D., Wang, Z., Wang, Q., Wu, B., Yu, T., & Wang, D. 2019. Analysis of the Konzeny-Carman model based on pore networks.J. Geophys. Eng.
DOI: https://10.0.4.69/jge/gxz089.
Shi, J., Zhao, Y., and Zeng, B. 2020. Relationship Between Pore Structure and Bending Strength of Concrete Under A High-Low Temperature Cycle Based on Grey System Theory. Journal of Grey System. 32(4).
Kawano, M., and Kadano, T. 2024. Water penetration property of concrete with copper slag aggregate. Int. International Journal of Geomate. 26(117). https://geomatejournal.com/geomate/article/view/4567
Hearn, N., Hooton, R. D., and Nokken, M. R. 2006. Pore Structure, Permeability, and Penetration Resistance Characteristics of Concrete. Book Chapter. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1520/STP37741S
Cappellesso, V. G., Petry, N. dos S., Longhi, M. A., Masuero, A. B., & Dal Molin, D. C. C. 2022. Reduction of concrete permeability using admixtures or surface treatments. Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation. 7(38).
Liu, J., Liu, J, Fan, X., Jin, H., Zhu, J., Huang, Z., Xing, F., & Sui, T., 2022. Experimental analysis on water penetration resistance and micro properties of concrete: Effect of supplementary cementitious materials, seawater, sea-sand and water-binder ratio. Journal of Building Engineering. 50.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104153.
Yang, H., Liu, R., Zheng, Z., Liu, H., Gao, Y., & Liu, Y. 2018. Experimental Study on Permeability of Concrete. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 108. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/108/2/022067.
Naderi, M., Kaboudan, A., and Sadighi A. A. 2018. Comparative Study on Water Permeability of Concrete Using Cylindrical Chamber Method and British Standard and Its Relation with Compressive Strength. Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering.
Almohammad-albakkar, M., and Behfarnia, K. 2020. Water penetration resistance of the self-compacting concrete by the combined addition of micro and nano silica. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering. 22: 1-12.
Skutnik, Z., Sobolewski, M., and Koda, E. 2020. An Experimental Assessment of the Water Permeability of Concrete with a Superplasticizer and Admixtures. Materials. 13(24). DOI: 10.3390/ma13245624.
Koondhar, M. F., Memon, B. A., Oad, M., Chandio, F. A., & Chandio, S. A. 2020. Water Penetration of Concrete made with Coarse Aggregates from Demolishing Waste. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research. 10(6): 6445–6449. DOI: 10.48084/etasr.3891.
Amran, Y. H. M., Alyousef, R., Alabduljabbar, H., Alaskar, A., & Alrshoudi, F. 2020. Properties and water penetration of structural concrete wrapped with CFRP. Results in Engineering. 5. DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100094.
Kozlica, S., Čehić, E., and Džidić, S. 2017. Experience in Testing of Concrete for Water Penetration during Construction of WWTP in Bihać. Zbornik radova Građevinskog fakulteta. 33(30): 433-440.
DOI: 10.14415/konferencijaGFS2017.045.
Yoo, J. Y., Lee, H. S., Tae, S. H., & Chul, M. B. 2007.A Study on Water Penetration of Concrete under Water Pressure to Develop the Anti-Corrosion Repair System. Key Engineering Materials. 348–349: 425–428.
DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.348-349.425.
Adamus, J. and Langier, B. 2023. Analysis of Durability of Watertight Concretes Modified with the Addition of Fly Ash. Materials. 16(17): 5742.
DOI: 10.3390/ma16175742.
Sudarsono, I., Wahyudi, S. I., and Adi, H. P. 2023. Fly ash and silica fume substitution on compressive strength and permeability of concrete in the marine environment. Jurnal Pensil Pendidikan Teknik. 12: 281-292.
Li, Y., Shen, A., Lyu, S., & Guo, Y. 2020. Investigations of chloride ions permeability of pavement concrete under coupled effect of fatigue loading and hydrodynamic pressure. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 23(5): 1659–1674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1819540.
SNI 2847, SNI 2847-2019 Persyaratan Beton Struktural Untuk Bangunan Gedung SNI 1726-2019 Persyaratan Beton Struktural Untuk Bangunan Gedung. 2019.
Tjokrodimuljo, K. Teknologi Beton, 3rd ed. Yogyakarta: Biro Penerbit Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan UGM, 2012.
SNI 03-2914-1992, SPESIFIKASI BETON BERTULANG KEDAP AIR. 1992.
Neville, A. M., and Brooks, J. J. Concrete technology, vol. 438. Longman Scientific & Technical England, 1987.
Milla, J., Cavalline, T. L., Rupnow, T. D., Melugiri-Shankaramurthy, B., Lomboy, G., & Wang, K. 2021. Methods of Test for Concrete Permeability: A Critical Review. Advances in Civil Engineering Materials. 10(1): 172-209.
DOI: 10.1520/ACEM20200067.
El-Mir, A., El-Zahab, S., Nasr, D., Semaan, N., Assaad, J., & El-Hassan, H. 2024. Use of machine learning models to predict the water penetration depth in concrete. Journal of Building Engineering. 95.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110107.
ASTM E 187-02, Standard Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations.
van der Merwe, J. E. 2022. Towards the estimation of concrete intrinsic permeability. Cement and Concrete Research. 159:106885.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106885.
Nainggolan, R., Perangin-angin, R., Simarmata, E., & Tarigan, A. F. 2019. Improved the performance of the K-means cluster using the sum of squared error (SSE) optimized by using the Elbow method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1361(1): 012015. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1361/1/012015.
Yoo, J. H., Lee, H. S., and Ismail, M. A. 2011. An analytical study on the water penetration and diffusion into concrete under water pressure. Construction and Building Materials. 25(1): 99-108. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.052.
Natkunarajah, K., Masilamani, K., Maheswaran, S., Lothenbach, B., Amarasinghe, D. A. S., & Attygalle, D. 2022. Analysis of the trend of pH changes of concrete pore solution during the hydration by various analytical methods. Cement and Concrete Research. 156.
Galvis-Sánchez, A. C., Lopes, J. A., Delgadillo, I., & Rangel, A. O. S. S., “Sea Salt,” 2013, pp. 719–740. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-59562-1.00026-8.
Wang, C., Zhou, S., Ou, Q., & Zhang, Y. 2024. Investigation on the Impacts of Three Sea Salt Ions on the Performance of the CSA-OPC Binary System. Buildings. 14(5): 1481. DOI: 10.3390/buildings14051481.
Meiyan, H., Minghui, J., Wenlei, Z., Yubin, Y., Teng, C., and Hao, W. 2021. Composite salt corrosion deterioration characteristics and damage calculation models of concrete incorporated with corrosion-inhibiting admixtures. Journal of Building Engineering. 44. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103221.
Neves, R., Branco, F., and de Brito, J. 2012. About the statistical interpretation of air permeability assessment results. Materials and Structures. 45(4): 529-539. DOI: 10.1617/s11527-011-9780-3.
B. S. E. 12390-8, Testing hardened concrete, Part 8: Depth of penetration of water under pressure. United Kingdom: Standard Policy and Strategy Committee, 2009.
Abbas, A., Carcasses, M., and Ollivier, J. P. 2000. The importance of gas permeability in addition to the compressive strength of concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research. 52(1): 1-6. DOI: 10.1680/macr.2000.52.1.1.
Lee, J., and Harada, K. 2023. A simple method for estimation of permeability of concrete from the compressive strength and pore size distribution based on literature survey. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. 22(1): 188-200. DOI: 10.1080/13467581.2021.2008943.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
