MULTI-RESPONSE OPTIMIZATION OF THERMOFORMING PARAMETERS FOR HYBRID BIODEGRADABLE CONTAINERS BASED ON CASSAVA LEAVES, SAWDUST, AND STARCH USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v88.24789Keywords:
Cassava leaves, Hot-compression molding, Compressive strength, Box–Behnken design, Response surface methodologyAbstract
This study explores the optimization of thermoforming conditions to enhance the compressive performance of hybrid biodegradable containers fabricated from cassava leaves, sawdust, and starch via hot-compression molding. Using a Box–Behnken design integrated with response surface methodology, the effects of pressing pressure (1500-2500 psi), pressing time (5-9 minutes), and forming temperature (170-190 °C) on horizontal and vertical compressive forces were investigated. Regression analysis yielded statistically significant quadratic models for both responses with non-significant lack-of-fit, indicating model adequacy. Optimal forming conditions were determined to be 2278 psi pressure, 6.13 minutes pressing time, and 170 °C temperature, resulting in predicted compressive forces of 173 N (horizontal) and 41.27 N (vertical), with a maximum desirability score of 1.0. Experimental validation confirmed minimal deviation from predicted values. The findings demonstrate the potential of cassava leaf-sawdust-starch hybrid composites as sustainable raw materials for biodegradable packaging and highlight the effectiveness of statistically grounded optimization in improving mechanical performance through precise control of forming parameters.
References
Ncube, L. K., A. U. Ude, E. N. Ogunmuyiwa, R. Zulkifli, and I. N. Beas. 2020. Environmental Impact of Food Packaging Materials: A Review of Contemporary Development from Conventional Plastics to Polylactic Acid Based Materials. Materials. 13(21): 4994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214994.
Zhao, X., Y. Wang, X. Chen, X. Yu, W. Li, S. Zhang, X. Meng, Z.-M. Zhao, T. Dong, A. Anderson, A. Aiyedun, Y. Li, E. Webb, Z. Wu, V. Kunc, A. Ragauskas, S. Ozcan, and H. Zhu. 2023. Sustainable Bioplastics Derived from Renewable Natural Resources for Food Packaging. Matter. 6(1): 97–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2022.11.006.
Kóczán, Z., and Z. Pásztory. 2024. Overview of Natural Fiber-Based Packaging Materials. Journal of Natural Fibers. 21(1): 2301364. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2023.2301364.
Islam, M. H., M. H. Ara, M. A. Khan, J. Naime, M. L. Rahman, T. A. Ruhane, and M. A. R. Khan. 2025. A Sustainable Approach for the Development of Cellulose-Based Food Container from Coconut Coir. ACS Omega. 10(1): 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c03031.
Jahroo, W. L., M. D. C. A. Muhammad, and S. I. Sakina. 2021. Biodegradable Food Container Made of Abaca Fiber Pulp with Beeswax Biocoating. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. 625: 195–200. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211228.025.
Putri, Z. W., M. Lutfi, and D. Darmanto. 2022. The Utilization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) for Biodegradable’s Pot Raw Materials as an Alternative Container for Sustainable Nurseries. Applied Research in Science and Technology. 2(2): 84–99. https://doi.org/10.33292/areste.v2i2.30.
Belwal, T., P. Dhyani, I. D. Bhatt, R. S. Rawal, and V. Pande. 2016. Optimization Extraction Conditions for Improving Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Berberis asiatica Fruits Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Food Chemistry. 207: 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.081.
Mohamad Said, K. A., and M. A. Mohamed Amin. 2015. Overview on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in Extraction Processes. Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering. 2(1): 8–17. https://doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.161.2015.
Mohamad, M., R. Wannahari, R. Mohammad, N. F. Shoparwe, W. L. Kwan, and J. W. Lim. 2021. Adsorption of Malachite Green Dye Using Spent Coffee Ground Biochar: Optimisation Using Response Surface Methodology. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering). 83(1): 27–36. https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.14904.
Priyatharishinia, M., and N. M. Mokhtar. 2020. Analysis of Artocarpus heterophyllus Peel as a Natural Coagulant Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering). 82(4). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v82.14451.
Yanisa, M., A. S. Mohrunia, S. Sharif, and I. Yani. 2019. Optimum Performance of Green Machining on Thin Walled Ti6Al4V Using RSM and ANN in Terms of Cutting Force and Surface Roughness. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), 81(6). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v81.13443.
Navale, A., S. Patil, and S. Mulani. 2023. Nonlinear Lateral Response of Pile Group in Clay Using the Modified Cam-Clay Soil Model. Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology. 14(1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.33736/jcest.4909.2023.
Hasan, M., and Kueh, A. 2024. Blasting Resistance of Curved Sandwich Composite Concrete Bunkers. Structural Engineering and Mechanics. 91(1): 63–75. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2024.91.1.063.
Homkhiew, C., E. Pianhanuruk, S. Rawangwong, W. Boonchouytan, and R. Numrat. 2020. Rubberwood Sawdust Filled Natural Rubber Composites: Effects of Filler Loading and Zinc Oxide Content. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 773: 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/773/1/012005.
Yusof, F. Md., N. A. Wahab, N. L. Abdul Rahman, A. Kalam, A. Jumahat, and C. F. Mat Taib. 2019. Properties of Treated Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Tapioca Starch Biodegradable Composite. Materials Today: Proceedings. 16(4): 2367–2373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.140.
Ravindran, V., P. Rajadevan, L. A. Goonewardene, and A. S. B. Rajaguru. 1986. Effects of Feeding Cassava Leaf Meal on the Growth of Rabbits. Agricultural Wastes. 17: 217–224.
Petchpradab, P., T. Yoshida, T. Charinpanitkul, and Y. Matsumura. 2009. Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Rubber Wood for the Saccharification Process. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 48(9): 4587–4591. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie801314h.
Raghupathy, R., and K. S. Amirthagadeswaran. 2014. Optimization of Casting Process Based on Box-Behnken Design and Response Surface Methodology. International Journal of Quality Research. 8(4): 569–582.
Zolgharnein, J., A. Shahmoradi, and J. B. Ghasemi. 2013. Comparative Study of Box–Behnken, Central Composite, and Doehlert Matrix for Multivariate Optimization of Pb (II) Adsorption onto Robinia Tree Leaves. Journal of Chemometrics. 27(1–2): 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/cem. 2487.
Berkani, M., Y. Kadmi, M. K. Bouchare, M. Bouhelassa, and A. Bouzaza. 2020. Combination of a Box-Behnken Design Technique with Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of the Photocatalytic Mineralization of C.I. Basic Red 46 Dye from Aqueous Solution. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 13(11): 8338–8346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.05.013.
Homkhiew, C., W. Boonchouytan, W. Cheewawuttipong, L. Buppapo, P. Auttagornsakun, and T. Ratanawilai. 2018. Effects of Extruding Factors on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Polypropylene/Rubberwood Flour Composites. Engineering and Applied Science Research. 45(2): 120–126.
Homkhiew, C., W. Boonchouytan, W. Cheewawuttipong, N. Hoysakul, W. Kaewkong, and T. Ratanawilai. 2020. Measurement in Some Properties of Non-Toxic Particleboard to Optimize the Formulation for Food Containers. Measurement. 156: 107617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.107617.
Alaba, E. S., R. A. Kazeem, A. S. Adebayo, M. O. Petinrin, O. M. Ikumapayi, T. C. Jen, and E. T. Akinlabi. 2023. Evaluation of Palm Kernel Oil as Cutting Lubricant in Turning AISI 1039 Steel Using Taguchi-Grey Relational Analysis Optimization Technique. Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering. 6: 100115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aime.2023.100115.
Homkhiew, C., T. Ratanawilai, and W. Thongruang. 2015. Minimizing the Creep of Recycled Polypropylene/Rubberwood Flour Composites with Mixture Design Experiments. Journal of Composite Materials. 49(1): 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998313514257.
Tan, Y., X. Yu, X. Wang, Q. Lv, and M. Shi. 2022. Interaction Analysis and Multi-Response Optimization of Transformer Winding Design Parameters. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. 137: 106233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.106233.
Petdee, T., T. Naemsai, C. Homkhiew, and E. Pianhanuruk. 2023. Multiple Response Optimization of Wood Sawdust/Natural Rubber Foam Composites for Stair Tread Covers. Industrial Crops and Products. 204: 117312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117312.
Srivabut, C., S. Rawangwong, S. Hiziroglu, and C. Homkhiew. 2024. Multi-Objective Optimization of Turning Process Parameters and Wood Sawdust Contents Using Response Surface Methodology for the Minimized Surface Roughness of Recycled Plastic/Wood Sawdust Composites. Composites Part C: Open Access. 14: 100477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100477.
Myers, R. H., D. C. Montgomery, and C. M. Anderson-Cook. 2009. Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Koli, Y., N. Yuvaraj, S. Aravindan, and Vipin. 2021. Multi-Response Mathematical Model for Optimization of Process Parameters in CMT Welding of Dissimilar Thickness AA6061-T6 and AA6082-T6 Alloys Using RSM-GRA Coupled with PCA. Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering. 2: 100050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aime.2021.100050.
Montgomery, D. C. 2019. Design and Analysis of Experiments. 10th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Kumar, S., R. Singh, and N. S. Maurya. 2023. Modelling of Corrosion Rate in the Drinking Water Distribution Network Using Design Expert 13 Software. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 30: 45428–45444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25465-z.
Homkhiew, C., W. Boonchouytan, S. Rawangwong, and T. Ratanawilai. 2017. Optimal Manufacturing Parameters of Rubberwood Flour/High Density Polyethylene Composites Using Box-Behnken Design. The Journal of King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok. 27(2): 315–328.
Nonaka, S., K. Umemura, and S. Kawai. 2013. Characterization of Bagasse Binderless Particleboard Manufactured in High-Temperature Range. Journal of Wood Science. 59: 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-012-1302-6.
Gopalakannan, S., and T. Senthilvelan. 2013. Application of Response Surface Method on Machining of Al–SiC Nano-Composites. Measurement. 46(8): 2705–2715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2013.04.036.
Yaghoobi, H., and A. Fereidoon. 2018. Modeling and Optimization of Tensile Strength and Modulus of Polypropylene/Kenaf Fiber Biocomposites Using Box–Behnken Response Surface Method. Polymer Composites. 39(S1): E463–E479. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24596.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
