EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SELF PROTECTED UNDER WATER ANTIWASH OUT RESISTANCE CONCRETE IN MARINE AND FRESH WATER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v88.24860Keywords:
Underwater Concrete, Anti-Washout Admixture (AWA), VITCON 2014 AWA, Workability Tests, Rheological Properties, Marine StructuresAbstract
Underwater construction projects such as man-made islands, piers, and bridge foundations often face the challenge of washout, especially in marine environments where tidal forces and direct exposure to seawater can deteriorate freshly placed concrete. Washout not only reduces material efficiency but also affects the durability and strength of the structure. To mitigate these issues, this study introduces a self-protected underwater concrete incorporating an anti-washout admixture (AWA), specifically VITCON 2014 AWA, to improve washout resistance in both marine and freshwater environments. The experimental program evaluated the effect of AWA on the concrete’s rheological and durability properties. Key tests included non-dispersion testing (Plunge Test, CRD C61), workability measurements (slump test, flow table, L-box, and U-box), and pH assessments in both marine and freshwater. Parameters such as varying water-to-cement ratios and AWA dosages were examined. Results indicate a significant reduction in mass loss and improved cohesion in the mixes containing AWA, with enhanced viscosity contributing to superior washout resistance. The modified concrete showed stable behavior in underwater placement conditions, demonstrating improved performance against segregation and loss of cement paste. The study concludes that anti-washout admixtures are effective in producing durable underwater concrete suitable for marine applications, with enhanced workability and stability under turbulent conditions.
References
[1] H. S. Abdelgader, M. F. Najjar, and T. M. Azabi, “Study of underwater concrete using two-stage (preplaced aggregate) concrete in Libya,” Struct. Concr., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 161–165, 2010.
[2] A. A. Nasr, S. Chen, Y. Wang, F. Jin, and L. Qiu, “Influence of water currents velocity on the strength of a new underwater concrete approach,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 356, p. 129236, 2022.
[3] A. A. Nasr, S. Chen, and F. Jin, “Washout resistance of self-protected underwater concrete in freshwater and seawater,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 289, p. 123186, 2021.
[4] A. M. Heniegal, A. A. E. S. Maaty, and I. S. Agwa, “Simulation of the behavior of pressurized underwater concrete,” Alexandria Eng. J., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 183–195, 2015.
[5] F. H. A. Zaidi et al., “Geopolymer as underwater concreting material: A review,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 291, p. 123276, 2021.
[6] A. E. Megahed, I. Adam, O. Farghal, and M. O. Sayed, “Influence of mixture composition on washout resistance, fresh properties and relative strength of self compacting underwater concrete,” JES. J. Eng. Sci., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 244–258, 2016.
[7] Y. Wang, S. Chen, L. Qiu, A. A. Nasr, and Y. Liu, “Experimental study on the slump-flow underwater for anti-washout concrete,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 365, p. 130026, 2023.
[8] K. H. Khayat and J. Assaad, “Relationship between washout resistance and rheological properties of high-performance underwater concrete,” Mater. J., vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 185–193, 2003.
[9] K. H. Khayat, “Effects of antiwashout admixtures on fresh concrete properties,” Mater. J., vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 164–171, 1995.
[10] K. H. Khayat and M. Sonebi, “Effect of mixture composition on washout resistance of highly flowable underwater concrete,” Mater. J., vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 289–295, 2001.
[11] A. M. Heniegal, “Behaviour of underwater self compacting concrete,” JES. J. Eng. Sci., vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 1005–1023, 2012.
[12] C. You and G. He, “Study on the durability of concrete under an underwater coupling environment,” Geofluids, vol. 2021, no. 1, p. 1798000, 2021.
[13] M. Imam, “The use of anti-washout admixtures in underwater concrete,” in Egyptian Engineers Association of the 2nd Conference, Riyad, 2010, pp. 15–17.
[14] K. K. Yaswanth, J. Revathy, and P. Gajalakshmi, “Influence of copper slag on Mechanical, durability and microstructural properties of GGBS and RHA blended strain hardening geopolymer composites,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 342, p. 128042, 2022.
[15] K. K. Yaswanth, J. Revathy, and P. Gajalakshmi, “Strength, durability and micro-structural assessment of slag-agro blended based alkali activated engineered geopolymer composites,” Case Stud. Constr. Mater., vol. 16, p. e00920, 2022.
[16] R. Venkatesh et al., “Performance Study of Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell Featured with Silicon Thin Film Made by Sol-Gel Route,” Silicon, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 191–203, 2025.
[17] M. A. Sikandar, N. R. Wazir, A. Khan, H. Nasir, W. Ahmad, and M. Alam, “Effect of various anti-washout admixtures on the properties of non-dispersible underwater concrete,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 245, p. 118469, 2020.
[18] M. Sonebi, A. K. Tamimi, and P. J. M. Bartos, “Application of factorial models to predict the effect of anti-washout admixture, superplasticizer and cement on slump, flow time and washout resistance of underwater concrete,” Mater. Struct., vol. 33, pp. 317–323, 2000.
[19] H. Lu, X. Sun, and H. Ma, “Anti-washout concrete: an overview,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 344, p. 128151, 2022.
[20] A. Heniegal and I. S. Agwa, “Influence of anti washout admixtures and coarse aggregate types on self-flowing underwater concrete properties,” Int. J. Civ. Struct. Eng., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 245–262, 2016.
[21] H. Guo et al., “Effect of super water absorbing polymer based anti-washout admixtures on the properties of seawater-mixed cement paste,” Mater. Struct., vol. 55, no. 2, p. 59, 2022.
[22] Specimen Size Effect on Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Rocks: A Review,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering (2022), DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-06642-z.
[23] A. Gholampour and T. Ozbakkaloglu, “Effect of Acidic Water on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Micro-Silica,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 164, pp. 398–406, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.190
[24] S. Ahmad, H. A. Al-Ghamdi, M. Maslehuddin, and M. A. Al-Harthi, “Effect of Acid Rain on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Micro-Silica and Limestone Powder,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 47, pp. 964–973, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.095
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
