SUSTAINABLE BRAKE PAD COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH DATE PALM FIBER FOR ECO-FRIENDLY AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v88.25363Keywords:
Date palm fibre, Disc brake, Brake pads, Coefficient of friction, temperatureAbstract
The braking system is a vital component of any vehicle, directly impacting the safety of passengers and surrounding property. Given its pivotal role, the braking system is one of the main interfaces between the driver and the vehicle, making it essential for engineers and researchers to deeply understand and continuously improve its components. Among these components, the brake pad is of particular importance in determining the overall braking performance. This study focuses on optimizing brake pad materials to improve the efficiency of disc brakes under different operating conditions. Four brake pad samples, including a locally manufactured brake pad without date palm fiber (A) and three brake pad samples with added date palm fiber (B, C, and D), were manufactured using natural asbestos substitutes and containing different percentages of date palm fiber—namely 0%, 2.3%, 4.6%, and 6.9%, respectively. Experimental results reveal that higher percentages of date palm fiber lead to lower braking force, primarily due to a lower coefficient of friction. It is worth noting that sample (B), which contains 2.3% date palm fibers, showed the best performance, providing an ideal balance between braking force and frictional properties
References
Reif, Konrad. 2014. Brakes, Brake Control and Driver Assistance Systems. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Vieweg.
Day, A. J., and D. Bryant. 2022. Braking of Road Vehicles. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Limpert, Rudolf. 2011. Brake Design and Safety. Warrendale, PA: SAE International.
Neys, A. 2012. In-Vehicle Brake System Temperature Model. Master's thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Belhocine, A., and A. Afzal. 2020. Finite Element Modeling of Thermomechanical Problems under the Vehicle Braking Process. Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design. 3(1): 53–76.
Borawski, A., et al. 2021. Simulation Study of the Vehicle Braking Process with Temperature-Dependent Coefficient of Friction between Brake Pad and Disc. Heat Transfer Research. 52(2).
Blau, Peter J. 2001. Compositions, Functions, and Testing of Friction Brake Materials and Their Additives. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Siregar, J. P., et al. 2024. Opportunities and Challenges in the Sustainable Integration of Natural Fibers and Particles in Friction Materials for Eco-Friendly Brake Pads. Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry. 4(3).
Ilie, F., and A.-C. Cristescu. 2022. Tribological Behavior of Friction Materials of a Disk-Brake Pad Braking System Affected by Structural Changes—A Review. Materials. 15(14): 4745.
Raghunathan, V., et al. 2024. Advances in Brake Friction Materials: A Comprehensive Review of Ingredients, Processing Methods, and Performance Characteristics. Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology. 30(6): 1396–1431. https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.22149.
Bonfanti, A. 2016. Low-Impact Friction Materials for Brake Pads. Trento, Italy: University of Trento.
Gbadeyan, O. J. 2017. Low Friction Hybrid Nanocomposite Material for Brake Pad Application. Master's thesis, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa. https://doi.org/10.51415/10321/2666.
Paustenbach, D. J., et al. 2004. Environmental and Occupational Health Hazards Associated with the Presence of Asbestos in Brake Linings and Pads (1900 to Present): A ‘State-of-the-Art’ Review. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B. 7(1): 25–80.
Sathyamoorthy, G., R. Vijay, and D. Lenin Singaravelu. 2022. Brake Friction Composite Materials: A Review on Classifications and Influences of Friction Materials in Braking Performance with Characterizations. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology. 236(8): 1674–1706.
Joshi, A. G., K. Bharath, and S. Basavarajappa. 2023. Recent Progress in the Research on Natural Composite Brake Pads: A Comprehensive Review. Tribology-Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces. 17(3): 237–259.
Muthu Samy, M., and D. Lenin Singaravelu. n.d. Green Friction: Exploring the Evolution and Potential of Natural Fibers and Other Brake Pad Ingredients in Sustainable Automotive Engineering—A Review. Polymer Composites.
Sivakumar, E., and K. Saju. 2024. Optimizing Brake Pad Performance of a Composite Materials Prepared with Smilax zelanica/Glass Fiber and Nano Silica across Diverse Sieve Variations. Materials Circular Economy. 6(1): 28.
Dirisu, J. O., et al. 2024. Sustainable Biocomposites Materials for Automotive Brake Pad Application: An Overview. Journal of Renewable Materials. 12(3).
Borawski, A. 2020. Conventional and Unconventional Materials Used in the Production of Brake Pads—Review. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials. 27(1): 374–396.
Selvaraj, S. K., et al. 2021. New Developments in Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Automotive Brake Pad Applications and Future Challenges. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2021(1): 6787435.
Najar, F. A., et al. 2023. Nanomaterials and Tribology: An Introduction. In Nanomaterials for Sustainable Tribology, 1–23. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Gupta, H. 2021. Study of Rheological and Tribological Properties of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Blended Lubricating Oil. Dehradun, India: College of Engineering, UPES.
Xiao, N., et al. 2024. Progress of Multidimensional Nano-Additives under Dry/Liquid Wear: A Review. Lubricants. 12(10): 332.
Albatlan, S. 2013. Study Effect of Pads Shapes on Temperature Distribution for Disc Brake Contact Surface. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development. 8(9): 62–67.
Podoprigora, N., et al. 2017. Methods of Assessing the Influence of Operational Factors on Brake System Efficiency in Investigating Traffic Accidents. Transportation Research Procedia. 20: 516–522.
Shamsi, M., and S. Mazloumzadeh. 2009. Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Date Palm Trees Related to Cultural Operations Industry Mechanization. Journal of Agricultural Technology. 5(1): 17–31.
Ahmed, M., et al. 2021. Study the Physical and Mechanical Properties Affecting on Date Palm Tree Mechanical Serves. Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering. 12(5): 357–362.
Jonoobi, M., et al. 2019. A Review on Date Palm Tree: Properties, Characterization and Its Potential Applications. Journal of Renewable Materials. 7(11): 1055–1075.
Amroune, S., et al. 2015. Tensile Mechanical Properties and Surface Chemical Sensitivity of Technical Fibres from Date Palm Fruit Branches (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 71: 95–106.
Sanjay, M., et al. 2019. A Comprehensive Review of Techniques for Natural Fibers as Reinforcement in Composites: Preparation, Processing and Characterization. Carbohydrate Polymers. 207: 108–121.
Gan, Y. X., and J. B. Gan. 2020. Porous Fiber Processing and Manufacturing for Energy Storage Applications. ChemEngineering. 4(4): 59.
Kalia, S., B. Kaith, and I. Kaur. 2009. Pretreatments of Natural Fibers and Their Application as Reinforcing Material in Polymer Composites—A Review. Polymer Engineering & Science. 49(7): 1253–1272.
Anis, S. F., et al. 2016. A Review on the Fabrication of Zeolite and Mesoporous Inorganic Nanofibers Formation for Catalytic Applications. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 236: 176–192.
Al-Senaidy, A. M., and M. A. Ismael. 2011. Purification and Characterization of Membrane-Bound Peroxidase from Date Palm Leaves (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 18(3): 293–298.
Manimaran, P., et al. 2019. Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulosic Fiber from Red Banana Peduncle as Reinforcement for Potential Applications. Journal of Natural Fibers.
Kumar, S., and S. V. Atre. 2023. Design and Optimization of Brake Disc Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.06568.
Ahmed, I., et al. 2019. Effect of Changing Drum Brakes Lining Form on the Brake Performance. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). 6(2).
Kumar, S., and S. V. Atre. 2023. Design and Optimization of Brake Disc Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.06568.
Albatlan, S. 2013. Study Effect of Pads Shapes on Temperature Distribution for Disc Brake Contact Surface. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development. 8(9): 62–67.
Podoprigora, N., et al. 2017. Methods of Assessing the Influence of Operational Factors on Brake System Efficiency in Investigating Traffic Accidents. Transportation Research Procedia. 20: 516–522.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
