Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Used-Frying Oil Using Candida rugosa Lipase
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v67.2772Keywords:
Used frying oil, Candida rugosa lipase, enzyme loading, hydrolysis, fatty acidsAbstract
Hydrolysis of used-frying oil had been carried out by using an immobilized lipase from Candida rugosa in solvent-free system. Used-frying oil was considered as the substrate in this study due to abundance amount of used-frying oil present in Malaysia as its disposal problem has become a very serious environmental issue. The high free fatty acids (FFA) content in used-frying oil has raised the interest for the utilization of this waste into valuable products. Even though used-frying oil is not suitable for human consumption and being extensively used for the biodiesel production, FFA from used-frying oil could be utilized to produce various types of non-edible products. Effects of enzyme loading, water content, reaction temperature, buffer pH and agitation speeds on the hydrolysis process were investigated. The experiments were conducted at constant reaction time of 3 hours. It was found that the effect of variables were very significant on the hydrolysis process. The hydrolysis process achieved the highest yield of fatty acids at enzyme concentration of 1.5% (w/v), buffer volume to oil volume ratio of 3:1, temperature of 40˚C, pH of 7, and agitation speed of 220 rpm. Under these described conditions, it was found that nearly 97.15±1.31% of hydrolysis degree was achieved with 2533.33±26.67 µmol/ml of fatty acids was produced.
References
M. Canakci. 2007. The Potential of Restaurant Waste Lipids as Biodiesel Feedstock. Bioresource Technology. 98(1): 183–190.
A. Radich. 2006. Biodiesel Performance, Costs and Use. US Energy Information Administration. 1–7.
M. Yigitoglu, Z. Temocin. 2009. Immobilization of C. rugosaLipase on Glutaraldehyde-Activated Polyester Fiber and Its Application for Hydrolysis of Some Vegetable Oils. J. of Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 66(2010): 130–135.
S. F. Abdul Halim, A. H. Kamaruddin. 2008. Catalytic Studies of Lipase on FAME Production from Waste Cooking Palm Oil in a Tert-Butanol System. Process Biochemistry. 43(12): 1436–1439.
N. Taufiqurrahmi, A. R. Mohamed, S. Bhatia. 2011. Production of Biofuel from Waste Cooking Palm Oil using Nanocrystalline Zeolite as Catalyst: Process Optimization Studies. Bioresource Technology. 102(22): 10686–10694.
B. B., Marvey, C. K., Segakweng, and H. C. M, Vosloo. 2008. Ruthenium Carbene Mediated Metathesis of Oleate-type Fatty Compounds. International. Journal of Molecular Science. 9(4): 615–625.
M. Noor, M. Hasan, and K. B. Ramachandran. 2003. Effect of Operating Variables on the Hydrolysis Rate of Palm Oil by Lipase. Process Biochemistry. 39(1): 13–20.
B. B. Marvey, C. K. Segakweng, H. C. M. Vosloo. 2008. Ruthenium Carbene Mediated Metathesis of Oleate-type Fatty Compounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9(4): 615–625.
L. S. Chua, M. Alitabarimansor, C. H. Lee, R. Mat. 2012. Hydrolysis of Virgin Coconut Oil using Immobilized Lipase in a Batch Reactor. Enzyme Research. 2012(2012): 1–5.
M. S. Puthli, V. K. Rathod, A. B. Pandit. 2006. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Castor Oil: Process Intensification Studies. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 31(1): 31–41.
L. L. You, B. S. Baharin. 2006. Effects of Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Crude Palm Olein by Lipase from Candida rugosa. Journal of Food Lipids. 13(1): 73–87.
[] H. S. Garcia, F. X. Malcata, C. G. Hill, C. H. Amundson. 1992. Use of C. rugosa Lipase Immobilized in a Spiral Wound Membrane Reactor for the Hydrolysis of Milk Fat. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 14(7): 535–545.
J. Cvengros, Z. Cvengrosova. 2004. Used Frying Oils and Fats and Their Utilization in the Production of Methyl Esters of Higher Fatty Acids. Biomass and Bioenergy. 27(2): 173–181.
G. Knothe, and K. R. Steidly. 2009. A Comparison of Used Cooking Oils: A Very Heterogeneous Feedstock for Biodiesel. Bioresource Technology. 100(23): 5796–580.
P. Pinsirodom, K. L. Parkin. 2001. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry. 3rd Ed. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C3.1.1–C3.1.13.
M. Pazouki, F. Zamani, A. H. Zamzamian, M. Fahar, G. Najafpour. 2010. Esterification of Free Fatty Acids by Rhizopus oryzae as Cell-Catalyzed from Used Cooking Oil for Biodiesel Production. World Applied Sciences Journal. 8(6): 719–724.
C. Wang, X. Zhou, W. Zhang, , Y. Chen, A. Zeng, F. Yin, J. Li, R. Xu, S. Liu. 2011. Study on preparing fatty acids by lipase hydrolysis waste oil from restaurants. Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), 2011 Asia-Pasific. March 25-28 2011. Wuhan, China: IEEE. 2011. 978–980.
D. Rooney, L. R. Weatherley. 2001. The Effect of Reaction Condition Upon Lipase Catalysed Hydrolysis of High Oleate Sunflower Oil in a Stirred Liquid-Liquid Reactor. Process Biochemistry. 36(10): 947–953.
S. Al-Zuhair, M. Hasan, K. B. Ramachandran. 2003. Kinetic Hydrolysis of Palm Oil using Lipase. Process Biochemistry. 38(8): 1155–1163.
D. Goswami, J. K. Basu, S. De. 2009. Optimization of Process Variables In Castor Oil Hydrolysis by Candida Rugosa Lipase with Buffer as Dispersion Medium. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering. 14(2): 220–224.
W. J. Ting, K. Y. Tung, R. Giridhar, W. T. Wu. 2006. Application of Binary Immobilized Candida rugosa Lipase for Hydrolysis of Soybean Oil. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B, Enzymatic. 42(1–2): 32–38.
L. Gubicza, K. Székely, O. Ulbert, K. Bélafi-Bakó. 2000. Enhancement of the Thermostability of a Lipase by Medium Engineering. Chem. Papers. 54(6): 351–354.
K .J. Laidler, B. F. Peterman. 1979. Temperature Effects in Enzyme Kinetics. D.L. Purich, (ED). Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 63. Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism. Part A: Initial Rate Inhibitor Methods. New York, NY: Academic Press. 234–257.
S. T. Kang J.S. Rhee. 1989. Characteristics of Immobilized Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Olive Oil of High Concentration in Reverse Phase System. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 33(11): 1469–1476.
Y. H. Chew, L. S. Chua, K. K. Cheng, M. R. Sarmidi, R. A. Aziz, C. T. Lee. 2008. Kinetic Study on the Hydrolysis of Palm Olein using Immobilized Lipase. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 39(3): 516–520.
C. F. Torres, A. M. Toré, T. Fornari, F. J. Senorans, G. Reglero. 2007. Ethanolysis of Waste Materials from Olive Oil Distillation Catalysed by Three Different Commercial Lipases: A Kinetic Study. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 34(2): 165–171.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
