Isolation and Characterization of Vanillin from Coconut Husk Lignin via Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v67.2786Keywords:
Vanillin, lignin, coconut husk, nitrobenzene oxidation, crystallizationAbstract
Isolation of vanillin from lignin extracted from coconut husk is presented in this study. Phosphoric acid (20%) is employed to precipitate the lignin from the black liquor produced by cooking the mixture of coconut husk and 1M NaOH in steam autoclave at 121ºC for one hour. Separation of vanillin from lignin was carried out via oxidation by adding 0.1 g of coconut husk lignin into a mixture of 2M NaOH (10 ml) and nitrobenzene (0.4 ml) in steel capillary bomb heated at 160ºC for 2.5 hours. Detection and quantification of vanillin presents in the lignin oxidized mixture was performed by liquid and gas chromatography. The recovery of vanillin from the mixture was done via crystallization process by dissolving the mixture in acetone and heats up to 60ºC with periodic stirring. Vanillin crystal appeared by rapidly cooled the heated mixture in the ice bath. The vanillin obtained was characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for component verification. Component isolation by HPLC and GC-FID denoted the retention time of vanillin appeared around 18.852 minutes and 16.913 minutes respectively. A yield of 2.83 % vanillin was isolated from 0.1 g lignin sample and the result of FTIR characterization has suggested that the isolated compound is vanillin.References
Dey, G., A. Sachan, S. Ghosh and A. Mitra. 2003. Detection of Major Phenolic Acids from Dried Mesocarpic Husk of Mature Coconut by Thin Layer. Chromatoghraphy. Industrial Crops and Products. 18(2): 171–176.
James, I., A.O. Gabriel and A. Olubunmi. 2009. Propylethanoate Derivative from Coconut Coir. Research Journal of Applied Science. 4(6): 217–220.
Wang, W. and G. Huang. 2009. Characterisation and Utilization of Natural Coconut Fibres Composites. Material and Design. 30(7): 2741–2744.
Khalil, H. P. S., M. Siti Alwani and A. K. Mohd Omar. 2006. Chemical Composition, Anatomy, Lignin Distribution and Cel Wall Structure of Malaysian Plant Waste Fibers. Bioreseource Technology. 1(2): 220–232.
Khedari, J., N. Nankongnab, J. Hirunlabh and S. Teekasap. 2004. New Low-Cost Insulation Particleboards from Mixture of Durian Peel and Coconut Coir. Building and Environment. 39: 59–65.
Israel, A.U., R. E. Ogali, O. Akaranta and I.B. Obot. 2011. Extraction and characterization of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) coir dust. Songklanakarin Journal Science Technology. 33(6): 717–724.
Váquez-Torres, H., G. Canché-Escamilla and C. A. Cruz-Ramos. 1992. Coconut husk lignin. I. Extraction and characterization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 45(4): 633–644.
Collinson, S.R. and W. Thielemans. 2010. The Catalytic Oxidation of Biomass to New Materials Focusing on Starch, Cellulose and Lignin. Coordination and Chemistry Reviews. 253: 1854–1870.
Xiao, B., X.F. Sun and R.C. Sun. 2001. Chemical, Structural, and Thermal Characterizations of Alkali-Soluble Lignins and Hemicelluloses, and Cellulose from Maize Stems, Rye Straw, and Rice Straw. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 74(2): 307–319.
Pandey, M. P. and C.S. Kim. 2011. Lignin Depolymerization and Conversion: A Review of Thermochemical Methods. Chemical Engineering Technology. 34(1): 29–41.
Brebu, M. and C. Vasile. 2010. Thermal Degradation of Lignin: A Review. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology. 44(9): 353–363.
Xiao-Feng S. B, J. Zhanxin,, F. Paul , W .Yaoguo and M. Rajaratnamc. 2011. Structural Characterization and Isolation of Lignin and Hemicelluloses From Barley Straw. Industrial Crops and Products. 33: 588–598
Borges da Silva, E. A., M. Zabkova, J. D. Araujo, C. A. Cateto, M. F. Barreiro, M. N. Belgacem and A. E. Rodriques. 2009. An Integrated Process to Produce Vanillin and Lignin-based Polyurethanes from Kraft Lignin. Chemical Engineering Resource Design. 87: 1276.
Priefert, H., J. Rabenhorst, A. Steinbuchel. 2001. Biotechnological Production of Vanillin. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 56: 296–314.
Bjorsvik, H.R. and L. Liguori. 2002. Organic Processes to Pharmaceutical Chemicals Based on Fine Chemicals from Lignosulfonates. Organic Process Research and Development. 6(3): 279–290.
Walton, N. J., M. J. Mayer and A. Narbad. 2003. Molecules of Interest: Vanillin. Phytochemistry. 63: 505–515.
Villar, J. C., A. Caperos and F. GarcÃa-Ochoa. 2001. Oxidation of Hardwood Kraft-Lignin to Phenolic Derivatives with Oxygen as Oxidant. Wood Science and Technology. 35: 245–255.
Moodley, B., D.A. Mulholland and H.C. Brookes, 2012. The Chemical Oxidation of Lignin Found in Sappi Saiccor Dissolving Pulp Mill Effluent. Water SA. 38.
Mohammad Ibrahim, M.N., N.N. Mohammad Yusuf, N. Mohd Salleh, C.S. Sipaut and S. Sollehuddin. 2008. Separation of Vanillin from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Lignin. Clean. 36: 287–291.
Mark Lawther, J. R. C. Sun and W.B. Banks. 1996. Rapid Isolation and Structural Characterization of Alkali-soluble Lignins During Alkaline Treatment and Atmospheric Refining of Wheat Straw. Industrial Crops and Products. 5: 97–105.
Agustriyanto, R., F. Akbarningrum, A. Maria and M. Raissa. 2012. Study of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Dilute Acid Pretreated Coconut Husk. Proceeding of International Conference on Chemical and Material Engineering. ISBN: 978-602-097-281-7.
Robert, M.S., and X.W. Francis. 1998. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Bruice, P. Y. 2004. Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Inc., USA: Pearson Education.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
