Potential Source and Extraction of Vitamin E From Palm-Based Oils: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v69.3172Keywords:
Vitamin E, tocopherols, tocotrienols, palm-based oil, extractionAbstract
Vitamin E is essential in the human body which naturally found in vegetable fats and oil and their derived products. Several palm-based oils obtained from palm oil mills and refineries were revised in this paper as the raw material for vitamin E. Tocopherols and tocotrienols isomers of the vitamin E content are found nearly comparable with crude palm oil. To obtain the tocopherols and tocotrienols, various developed technologies for the extraction were also reviewed. These include the solvent-based extraction, chemical modification, adsorption, enzymatic process, molecular distillation, microwave-assisted extraction and membrane technology. Each of the technologies has the advantages as well as limitations. Therefore, process design and selection for the chosen technology are crucial in order to determine recovery of vitamin E obtained, time efficiency, cost effectiveness, safety of products and environmentally friendly impacts. A green technology approach could be further diversified and manifested for sustainable process of vitamin E. Â
References
Zingg, J. M. 2007. Vitamin E: An Overview of Major Research Directions. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 28: 400–422.
Sen, C. K., S. Khanna and S. Roy. 2007. Tocotrienols in Health and Disease: The Other Half of the Natural Vitamin E Family. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 28: 629–728.
Aggarwal, B. B., C. Sundaram, S. Prasad and R. Kannappan. 2010. Tocotrienols, the Vitamin E of the 21st Century: Its Potential Against Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases. Biochemical Pharmacology. 80: 1613–1631.
Wong, R. S. Y. and A. K. Radhakrishnan. 2012. Tocotrienol Research: Past Into Present. Nutrition Reviews. 70(9): 483–490.
Tan, B. 1989. Palm Carotenoids, Tocopherols and Tocotrienols. Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society. 66(6): 770–776.
Bonnie, T. Y. P and Y. M. Choo. 2000. Valuable Minor Constituents of Commercial Red Palm Olein: Carotenoids, Vitamin E, Ubiquinones, and Sterols. Journal of Oil Palm Research. 12(1): 14–24.
Ping, B. T. Y. and Y. M. May. 2006. Valuable Phytonutrients in Commercial Red Palm Olein. Palm Oil Development. 32: 20–25.
Berger, K. G. 2010. Quality and Functions of Palm Oil in Food Applications: A Layman's Guide. Selangor: Malaysian Palm Oil Council.
Woollard, D. C. and H. E. Indyk. 2003. Tocopherols - properties and determination. In: Caballero B., Trugo L.C. and Finglas P.M. (eds), Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition Oxford. United Kingdom: Elsevier Science Ltd. 5789–5796
Han, M. N., C. Y. May, N. A. Ma, C. H. Chuah and M. A. Hashim. 2004. Separation of Vitamin E (Tocopherol, Tocotrienol and Tocomonoenol) in Palm Oil. Lipids. 39(10): 1031–1035.
Han, M. N., A. Gapor, Y. M. May and N. A. Ma. 2006. Palm Tocols (Tocopherols and Tocotrienols) as Standard Reference Material. MPOB Information Series. 339.
Wei, P. C., C. Y. May, M. A. Ngan and C. C. Hock. 2007. The Effect of Physical Refining on Palm Vitamin E (Tocopherol, Tocotrienol and Tocomonoenol). American Journal of Applied Science. 4(6): 374–377.
Majid, R. A., A. W. Mohammad and C. Y. May. 2012. Properties of Residual Palm Pressed Fibre Oil. Journal of Oil Palm Research. 24: 1310–1317.
Posada, L. R., J. Shi, Y. Kakuda and S. J. Xue. 2007. Extraction of Tocotrienols from Fatty Acid Distillates Using Molecular Distillation. Separation and Purification Technology. 57: 220–229.
Dauqan, E., H. M. Sani, A. Abdullah, H. Muhamad and A. Gapor. 2011. Vitamin E and Beta Carotene Composition in Four Different Vegetable Oils. American Journal of Food Applied Science. 8(5): 407–412.
Chandrasekaram, K., M. N. Han, C. Y. May and C. C. Hock. 2009. Concentration and Isolation of Individual Vitamin E Components in Palm Phytonutrients Concentrate Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. Journal of Oil Palm Research. 21: 621–626.
May, C. Y., L. L. N. Harrison, M. N. Han, N. A. Ma and Y. Basiron. 2003. Value-added Products from Palm-pressed Fibre. MPOB Information Series. 193.
Hu, W., J. H. Wells, T. S. Shin and J. S. Godber. 1996. Comparison of Isopropanol and Hexane for Extraction of Vitamin E and Oryzanols from Stabilized Rice Bran. Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society. 73: 1653–1656.
Lee, J., W. O. Landen, R. D. Phillips and R. R. Eitenmiller. 1998. Application of Direct Solvent Extraction to the LC Quantification of Vitamin E in Peanuts, Peanuts Butter, and Selected Nuts. Peanut Science. 25: 213–218.
Jiang, S. T., P. Shao, L. J. Pan and Y. Y. Zhao. 2006. Molecular Distillation for Recovering Tocopherol and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Rapeseed Oil Deodorizer Distillate. Biosystems Engineering. 93(4): 383–391.
Sahena, F., I. S. M. Zaidul, S. Jinap, A. A. Karim, K. A. Abbas, N. A. N. Norulaini and A. K. M. Omar. 2005. Application of Supercritical CO2 in Lipid Extraction–A Review. Journal of Food Engineering. 95: 240–253.
Lim, H., S. Woo, H. S. Kim, S. Jong and J. Lee. 2007. Comparison of Extraction Methods for Determining Tocopherols in Soybeans. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 109: 1124–1127.
Kasim, N. S., S. Gunawan, M. Yuliana and Y. Ju. 2010. A Simple two-Step Method for Simultaneous Isolation of Tocopherols and Free Phytosterols from Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate with High Purity and Recovery. Separation Science and Technology. 45: 2437–2446.
Sanagi, M. M., H. H. See, W. A. Wan Ibrahim and A. A. Naim. 2005. Determination of Carotene, Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Residue Oil from Palm Pressed Fiber Using Pressurized Liquid Extraction-normal Phase Liquid Chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta. 538: 71–76.
Rangel, M. B., Zamarreno, M. M. D., Perez, A. S., Martinez, R. C. 2007. Determination of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Cereals by Pressurized Liquid Extraction-liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta. 587: 216–221.
Freitas, L. S., R. A. Jacques, M. F. Richter, A. L. Silva and E. B. Caramao. 2008. Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Vitamin E from Brazilian Grape Seed Oil. Journal of Chromatography A. 1200: 80–83.
Brunner, G. 2005. Supercritical Fluids: Technology and Application to Food Processing. Journal of Food Engineering. 67: 21–33.
Raverchon, E. and I. Marco. 2006. Review: Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Fractionation of Natural Matter. Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 38: 146–166.
Chang, C. J., Y. Chang, H. Lee, J. Lin and P. Yang. 2000. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of High-value Substances from Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 39: 4521–4525.
Nagesha, G. K., B. Manohar and K. U. Sankar. 2003. Enrichment of Tocopherols in Modified Soy Deodorizer Distillate Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction. European Food Research and Technology. 217(5): 427–433.
Mendes, M. F., F. L. P. Pessoa and A. M. C. Uller. 2005. Optimization of the Process of Concentration of Vitamin E from DDSO using Supercritical CO2. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 22(1): 83–91.
Fang, T., M. Goto, X. Wang, X. Ding, J. Geng, M. Sasaki and T. Hirose. 2007. Separation of Natural Tocopherols from Soybean Oil Byproduct with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 40: 50–58.
Shi, B., J. Jin, E. Yu and Z. Zhang. 2011. Concentration of Natural Vitamin E Using a Continuous Countercurrent Supercritical CO2 Extraction-distillation Dual Column. Chemical Engineering Technology. 34(6): 914–920.
Quancheng, Z., S. Guihua and Hong, J. 2004. Concentration of Tocopherols by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide with Cosolvents. European Food Research and Technology. 219: 398–402.
Vazquez, L., C. F. Torres, T. Fornari, N. Grigelmo, F. J. Senorans and G. Reglero. 2006. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Minor Lipids from Pretreated Sunflower Oil Deodorizer Distillate. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 108: 659–665.
Wei, P. C., C. Y. May, M. A. Ngan and C. C. Hock. 2008. Production of Carotenoids and Tocols Concentrates from Palm Oil Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Journal of Oil Palm Research. Special issue-October 2008: 12–15.
Lau, H. L. N., Choo, Y. M., Ma, A. N., Chuah, C. H. 2006. Characterization and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction from Palm Oil (Elaeisguineensis). Journal of Food Lipids. 13: 210–221.
Lau, H. L. N., Y. M. Choo, A. N. Ma and C. H. Chuah. 2008. Selective Extraction of Palm Carotene and Vitamin E from Fresh Palm-pressed Mesocarp Fiber (Elaeisguineensis) Using Supercritical CO2. Journal of Food Engineering. 84(2): 289–296.
Gast, K., M. Jungfer, C. Saure and G. Brunner. 2004. Purification of Tocochromanols from Edible Oil. Journal of Supercritical Fluid. 34: 17–25.
Chu, B. S., B. S. Baharin, Y. B. Che Man and S. Y. Quek. 2004a. Separation of Vitamin E from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Silica: I. Equilibrium of Batch Adsorption. Journal of Food Engineering. 62: 97–103.
Chu, B. S., B. S. Baharin, Y. B. Che Man and S. Y. Quek. 2004b. Separation of Vitamin E from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Silica: II. Kinetics of Batch Adsorption. Journal of Food Engineering. 62: 105–111.
Chu, B. S., B. S. Baharin, Y. B. Che Man and S. Y. Quek. 2004c. Separation of Vitamin E from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Silica: III. Batch Desorption Study. Journal of Food Engineering. 64: 1–7.
Isso, B. and Ryan, D. 2012. Extraction of α-tocopherolquinone from Vegetable Oil Deodorizer Distillate Waste. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 114: 927–932.
Gimeno, E., E. Calero, A. I. Castellote, R. M. Lamuela-Raventos, M. C. de la Torre and M. C. Lopez-Sabater. 2000. Simultaneous Determination of α-tocopherol and β-carotene in Olive Oil by Reversed-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chromatography. 881: 255–259.
Han, M. N., C. Y. May, N. A. Ma, C. H. Chuah and M. A. Hashim. 2004. Isolation of Palm Tocols Using Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Journal of Chromatographic Science. 42(10): 536–539.
Chu, B. S., B. S. Baharin, S. Y. Quek and Y. B. Che Man. 2003b. Separation of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols from Fatty Acid Distillate Using Hydrolysis-neutralization-adsorption Chromatography Method. Journal of Food Lipids. 10: 141–152.
Shao, P., S. T. Jiang and Y. J. Ying. 2007. Optimization of molecular Distillation for Recovery of Tocopherol from Rapeseed Oil Deodorizer Distillate Using Response Surface and Artificial Neural Network Models. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 85(2): 85–92.
Setyawan, H. Y., E. Hambali, A. Suryani and D. Setyaningsih. 2011. Separation of Tocopherol from Crude Palm Oil Biodiesel. Journal of Basic Application Science Research. 1(9): 1169–1172.
Martin, P. F., C. B. Batistella, R. Maciel-Filho and M. R. Wolf-Maciel. 2006. Comparison of Two Different Strategies for Tocopherols Enrichment Using a Molecular Distillation Process. Industrial Engineering Chemical Research. 45: 753–758.
Lee, H., B. H. Chung and Y. H. Park. 1991. Concentration of Tocopherols from Soybean Sludge by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society. 68(8): 571–573.
Torres, C. F., G. Torrelo, F. J. Senorans and G. Reglero. 2007. A Two Steps Enzymatic Procedure to Obtain Sterol Esters, Tocopherols and Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters From Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate. Process Biochemistry. 42: 1335–1341.
Lee, Y. Y., H. M. Park, C. K. Lee, S. L. Kim, T. Hwang, M. S. Choi, Y. Kwok, W. H. Kim, S. J. Kim, S. C. Lee and Y. H. Kim. 2012. Comparing Extraction Methods for the Determination of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Seed and Germinating Seeds of Soybean Transformed with OsHGGT. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 27: 70–80.
Shammugasamy, B., Y. Ramakrishnan, H. M. Ghazali and K. Muhammad. 2013. Combination of Saponification and Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Cereals by Reversed-Phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chromatography. 1300: 31–37.
Peterson, D. M., C. M. Jensen, D. L. Hoffman and B. Mannerstedt-Fogelfors. 2007. Oat Tocols: Saponification Vs. Direct Extraction and Analysis in High-oil Genotypes. Cereal Chemistry. 84(1): 56–60.
Lee, J., L. Ye, W. O. Landen and R. R. Eitenmiller. 2000. Optimization of an Extraction Procedure for Quantification of Vitamin E in Tomato and Broccoli Using Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 13: 45–57.
Ryynanen, M., A. M. Lampi, P. Salo-Vaananen, V. Ollilainen and V. Piironen. 2004. A Small-scale Sample Preparation Method with HPLC Analysis for Determination of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Cereals. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 17: 749–765.
Watanabe, Y., T. Nagao, Y. Hirota, M. Kitano and Y. Shimada. 2004. Purification of Tocopherols and Phytosterols by a Two-step In Situ Enzymatic Reaction. Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society. 81(4): 339–345.
Gunstone, F. D. 2004. Vegetable Oils in Food Technology–Composition, Properties and Uses. UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Chu, B. S., B. S. Baharin and S. Y. Quek. 2002. Factors Affecting Pre-concentration of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols from Fatty Acid Distillate By Lipase-catalyzed Hydrolysis. Food Chemistry. 79: 55–59.
Ramamurthi, S. and A. R. McCurdy. 1993. Enzymatic Pretreatment of Deodorizer Distillate for Concentration of Sterols and Tocopherols. Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society. 70(3): 287–295.
Ghost, S. and D. K. Bhattacharyya. 1996. Isolation of Tocopherol and Sterol Concentrate from Sunflower Oil Deodorizer Distillate. Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society. 73(10): 1271–1274.
Shimada, Y., S. Nakai, M. Suenaga, A. Sugihara, M. Kitano and Y. Tominaga. 2000. Facile Purification of Tocopherols from Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate in High Yield Using Lipase. Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society. 77(10): 1009–1013.
Chu, B. S., S. Y. Quek and B. S. Baharin. 2003a. Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Concentration of Vitamin E in Palm Fatty Acid Distillate. Food Chemistry. 80: 295–302.
Nagao, T., T. Kobayashi, Y. Hirota,, M. Kitano, N. Kishimoto, T. Fujita, Y. Watanabe and Y. Shimada. 2005. Improvement of a Process for Purification of Tocopherols and Sterols from Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic. 37: 56–62.
Oufnac, D. S., Z. Xu, T. Sun, C. Sabliov, W. Prinyawiwatkul and J. S. Godber. 2007. Extraction of Antioxidant from Wheat Bran Using Conventional Solvent and Microwave-assisted Methods. Cereal Chemistry. 84(2): 125–129.
Zigoneanu, I. G., L. Williams, Z. Xu and C. M. Sabliov. 2008. Determination of Antioxidant Components in Rice Bran Oil Extracted by Microwave-assisted Method. Bioresource Technology. 99: 4910–4918.
Azadmard-Damirchi, S., F. Habibi-Nodeh, J. Hesari, M. Nemati and B. F. Achachlouei. 2010. Effect of Pretreatment with Microwaves on Oxidative Stability and Neutraceuticals Content of Oil From Rapeseed. Food Chemistry. 121: 1211–1215.
Parker, P. M. 2005. The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Vitamin and Dietary Supplements. San Diego: Icon Group International Inc.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
