Measurement of the Content of Water Using Light Penetration

Authors

  • Mohd Fahajumi Jumaah Process Tomography and Instrumentation Engineering Research Group (PROTOM-i), Infocomm Research Alliance, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • Mohd Zikrillah Zawahir Process Tomography and Instrumentation Engineering Research Group (PROTOM-i), Infocomm Research Alliance, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • Fazlul Rahman Mohd Yunus Process Tomography and Instrumentation Engineering Research Group (PROTOM-i), Infocomm Research Alliance, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • Ruzairi Abdul Rahim Process Tomography and Instrumentation Engineering Research Group (PROTOM-i), Infocomm Research Alliance, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • Nor Muzakkir Nor Ayob Process Tomography and Instrumentation Engineering Research Group (PROTOM-i), Infocomm Research Alliance, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • Muhammad Saiful Badri Mansor Process Tomography and Instrumentation Engineering Research Group (PROTOM-i), Infocomm Research Alliance, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • Naizatul Shima Fadzil Process Tomography and Instrumentation Engineering Research Group (PROTOM-i), Infocomm Research Alliance, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • Zulkarnay Zakaria Tomography Imaging Research Group, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  • Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman Tomography Imaging Research Group, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  • Mohd Ramzam Abdul Manaf Faculty Science Computer and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v70.3475

Keywords:

Electronic component, soft tissue, thickness, penetration, current, voltage

Abstract

In this paper we use an electronic component to produce light which is applied in testing soft tissue penetration. We used bio tissue, a slice of apple, and non-bio tissue, paper. The voltage could be adjusted to brighten the light to view the penetration of the subject. The thickness of the tissue was constant and the results showed that the current and voltage were significant as the light penetrated the soft tissue. 

References

G. Pataro, et al. 2011. Bacterial Inactivation in Fruit Juices Using a Continuous Flow Pulsed Light (PL) System. Food Research International. 44: 1642–1648.

R. A. R. Siti Zarina Mohd. Muji, Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman, Shafishuhaza Sahlan, Mohd Fadzli Abdul Shaib, Muhammad Jaysuman and Elmy Johana Mohamad. 2011. Optical Tomography: A Review On Sensor Array, Projection Arrangement and Image Reconstruction Algorithm. International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control. 7: 1–17.

Y. M. Y. R. A. R. Siti Zarina Mohd Muji, Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman. 2011. Front End Development of Optical Tomography and Its Linearity. Jurnal Teknologi Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 2: 1–9.

C. V. F. J. García-Ramos, I. Homer, J. Ortiz-Cañavate and M. Ruiz-Altisent. 2005. Non-destructive Fruit Firmness Sensors: A Review. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 3: 61–73.

P. D. C. Radcliffe. 2007. LED Light Emitter and Detector. Electronic Design. 55: 1–4.

S. Hetz. 2006. First “All-LED†Rear Combination Lamp–Challenges and Opportunities.

L. G. Conn. 2002. Characterizing and Qualifying an LED for Automotive Exterior Signal Lamps.

R. A. R. a. K. S. Chan. 2002." Applying LED Source in Optical Tomography System. Symposium on Process Tomography II.

M. S. E. Kirill v. Larin, Massoud Motamedi, Rinat O. Esenaliev. 2002. Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring With Optical Coherence Tomography. Emerging Treatment and Technology. 25: 2263–2268.

P. Daqing, et al. 2010. Alternative Transrectal Prostate Imaging: A Diffuse Optical Tomography Method. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of. 16: 715–729.

T. Mohammad. 2009. Using Ultrasonic and Infrared Sensors for Distance Measurement. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 51: 293–299.

K. Akasaka, et al. 2007. A Sensor for Simultaneously Capturing Texture and Shape by Projecting Structured Infrared Light. In Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research.

A. Jain, et al. 2004. A Two-axis Electrothermal Micromirror for Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of. 10: 636–642.

R. A. R. Siti Zarina Mohd. Muji, Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman, Yusry Yunus, Zulkarnay Zakaria, Nor Muzakkir Nor Ayob. 2012. Development of Parallel and Fan-Shaped Beam Mixed-Projection Optical Tomography. Sensors & Transducers Journal. 140: 36–44.

J. Rosen and D. Abookasis. 2005. Noninvasive Optical Tomographic Imaging by Speckle Ensemble. Optical Information Systems III. 5908: 1–6.

J. Sharpe. 2004. Optical Projection Tomography. Ar Journals. 6: 209–235.

J. Sharpe. 2004. Optical Projection Tomography. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 209–227.

H. Kleine, et al. 2005. Laboratory-scale Blast Wave Phenomena–optical Diagnostics and Applications. Shock Waves. 14: 343–357.

S. Kang, et al. 2010. A Hardware Design for Portable Continuous Wave Diffuse Optical Tomography Database Theory and Application, Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 118. Y. Zhang, et al. Eds. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 9–18.

Z. Y.-n. LI Yang, YUE Hong-wei. 2005. Design of Fan Beam Optical Sensor and Its Application in Mass Flow Rate Measurement of Pneumatically Conveyed Solids. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE. 6: 1430–1434.

L. L. C. Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Chan Kok San & mohd. Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman. 2007. Investigating Multiple Fan Beam Projection Technique Using Optical Fibre Sensor In Process Tomography. Jurnal Teknologi Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 47: 61–70.

R. A. R. M. Fadzli B Abdul Shaib, Siti Zarina M. Muji, Leow Pei Ling, M. Mahadi Abdul Jamil. 2012. A Study on Optical Sensors Orientation for Tomography System Development. Sensors & Transducers Journal. 140: 45–52.

N. N. Il’ichev, et al. 2002. Study of a Grating Induced in Water by the Radiation of a YSGG:Yb 3+ :Cr 3+ :Ho 3+ Laser with a Wavelength of 2.92 m m. Laser Physics. 13: 248–250.

M. K. Yang, et al. 2009. Index of Refraction of High-index Lithographic Immersion Fluids and Its Variability. MOEMS Mems Moems. 8: 023005-1 - 023005-6.

R. A. R. Siti Zarina Mohd Muji, David A. Johnson, Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman, Elmy Johana Mohamad, Hudabiyah Arshad Amani, Mohd Fadzli Abdul Sahib. 2011. Optical Tomography: Transmitter And Receiver Circuit Preparation. Jurnal Teknologi Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 54: 13–22.

R. A. R. Siti Zarina Mohd. Muji, Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman, Zulkarnay Zakaria, Elmy Johana Mohamad, Mohd Safirin Karis. 2011. The Linearity of Optical Tomography: Sensor Model and Experimental Verification. Sensors & Transducers Journal. 132: 40–46.

S. Müller and H. Kunzek. 1998. Material properties of processed fruit and vegetables I. Effect of Extraction and Thermal Treatment on Apple Parenchyma. Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A, 206: 264–272, 1998/04/01.

S. Vetter and H. Kunzek. 2001. Material Properties of Processed Fruit and Vegetables. II. Water Hydration Properties of Cell Wall Materials from Apples. Springer. 214: 43–51.

S. Rosnah, Wong, W. K., Noraziah, M. and Osman, H. 2012. Chemical Composition Changes of Two Water Apple (Syzygium samaragense). International Food Research Journal. 19: 167–174.

K. o. Sylvester-Hvid, et al. 2011. The Iterative Self-Consistent Reaction-Field Method: The Refractive Index of Pure Water. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 111: 904–913.

A. N. Bashkatov and E. A. Genina. 2002. Water Refractive Index in Dependence on Temperature and Wavelength: A Simple Approximation. Optical Technologies in Biophysics and Medicine IV. 5068: 393–396.

Robert Klewicki, et al. 2009. Sorption Isotherms for Osmo-convectively-Dried and Osmo-freezedried Apple, Sour Cherry, and Blackcurrant. Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology. 75–79.

A. Cosentino, et al. 2012. Refractive Index Sensor Based on Slot Waveguide Cavity. J. Europ. Opt. Soc. Rap. Public. 7: 12039-1-12039-6.

C. Erlick. 2006. Effective Refractive Indices of Water and Sulfate Drops Containing Absorbing Inclusions. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences. 63: 754–763.

Kwangjoo Lee, et al. 2005. Amplification of the Index of Refraction of Aqueous Immersion Fluids by Ionic Surfactants. Proc. of SPIE. 5753: 537–553.

Z. W. Wilkes, et al. 2009. Direct Measurements of the Nonlinear Index of Refraction of Water at 815 and 407 Nm Using Single-Shot Supercontinuum Spectral Interferometry. American Institute of Physics. 94: 1–3.

Y. WANG, et al. 2009. Spr Approach For Determination Of Temperature Water Refractive Index Alterations. GeoScience Engineering. 4: 53–59.

F. Figuerola, et al. 2005. Fibre Concentrates from Apple Pomace and Citrus Peel as Potential Fibre Sources for Food Enrichment. Food Chemistry. 91: 395–401.

E. Maltinia, et al. 2003. Water activity and the preservation of plant foods. Elsevier. 82: 79–86.

M. U. Vera, et al. 2001. Scattering Optics of Foam. Applied Optics. 40: 4210–4215.

S. Wilfred, et al. 2010. Optimum Conditions for Expression of Oil From Allanblackia Floribunda Seeds and Assessing the Quality and Stability Of Pressed And Solvent Extracted Oil. African Journal of Food Science. 4: 563–570.

Christina m. Bavougian, et al. 2012. Training System Effects on Sunlight Penetration, Canopy Structure, Yield, and Fruit Characteristics of ‘Frontenac’ Grapevine (Vitis spp.). International Journal of Fruit Science. 12: 402–409.

T. Prykäri, et al. 2010. Optical Coherence Tomography as an Accurate Inspection and Quality Evaluation Technique in Paper Industry. Optical Review. 17: 218–222.

D. P. Subedi, et al. 2006. Study of Temperature and Concentration Dependence of Refractive Index of Liquids Using a Novel Technique. Kathmandu University Journal Of Science, Engineering And Technology. 11: 1–7.

V. M. Go´mez-Lo´pez, et al. 2007. Pulsed Light for Food Decontamination: A Review. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 18: 464–473.

J. Lammertyn, et al. 2000. Light Penetration Properties of NIR Radiation in Fruit with Respect to Non-Destructive Quality Assessment. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 18: 121–132.

K. S. C. R. Abdul Rahim, J. F. Pang, L. C. Leong. 2005. A Hardware Development for Optical Tomography System Using Switch Mode Fan Beam Projection. Elsevier. 120: 277–290.

R. A. R. Siti Zarina Mohd Muji, Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman. Experimental Optical Tomography Setup: Sensor Detection, Projection And Processing Time Signal.

S. Z. M. Muji, et al. Experimental Optical Tomography Setup: Sensor Detection, Projection And Processing Time Signal.

P. J. F. Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Chan Kok San, & Leong Lai Chean. 2005. Area-Based Concentration Measurement Using Optical Tomography Technique For Various Flow Patterns. Jurnal Teknologi Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 113–132,

M. H. M. Hazir. 2011. Oil Palm Optical Characteristics from Two Different Planting Materials. Presented at the International Conference on Future Information Technology, Singapore.

Y. L. Chunsheng Yan, Shurong Lai and Zhixing Yang. 2003. Design of a Novel Optical Tomography Sensor Array. IOP. 14: 164–171.

M. H. Sharqawy, et al. 2010. Thermophysical Properties of Seawater: A Review of Existing Correlations and Data.

S. Tai-Ping and W. Chia-Hung, 2012. Specially Designed Driver Circuits to Stabilize LED Light Output Without a Photodetector. Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on. 27: 4140–4152.

L. Weiss, et al. 2012. Water Density and Polarizability Deduced from the Refractive Index Determined by Interferometric Measurements Up to 250 MPa. The Journal Of Chemical Physics. 136: 136–145.

W. M. b. M. Yunus and A. b. A. Rahman. 1988. Refractive Index of Solutions at High Concentrations. Applied Optics. 27: 3341–3343.

R. Somaraju and J. Trumpf. Frequency, temperature and salinity variation of the permittivity of Seawater. The Australian National University. 1–10.

R. A. Rahim, et al. 2007. Hardware Development of Ultrasonic Tomography for Composition Determination of Water and Oil Flow. Sensors & Transducers Journal. 75: 904–913.

K. Chen, et al. 2009. A Localization Scheme for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. 4: 9–17.

M. M. Siti Zarina Mohd Muji, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim. 2009. Criteria for Sensor Selection in Optical Tomography. IEEE.

R. A. R. Siti Zarina Mohd Muji, Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman, and Zulkarnay Zakaria. 2011. Image Reconstruction Using Different Measurement Technique for Optical Tomography. American Scientific Publishers. 3: 241–248.

B. G. Pokusaev, et al. 2004. Immersion Tomography of a Gas–Liquid Medium in a Granular Bed. Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering. 38: 1–5.

Q. Guofeng, et al. 2012. Bioimpedance Analysis for the Characterization of Breast Cancer Cells in Suspension. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on. 59: 2321–2329.

Y. Shuai, et al. 2009. Concurrent Optical Coherence Tomography and Line-Scanning Laminar Optical Tomography. In Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2009 and 2009 Conference on Quantum electronics and Laser Science Conference. CLEO/QELS 2009. Conference on. 1–2.

S. Yuan, et al. 2009. Concurrent Optical Coherence Tomography and Line- Scanning Laminar Optical Tomography. IEEE. 1–2.

L. Wu and L. Fu. 2000. Novel Technique for the Systematic Measurement of Gain, Absolute Refractive Index Spectra, and Other Parameters of Semiconductor Lasers. Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of. 36: 721–727,

N. Giordano, et al. 2001. Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Bone Mineral Density and Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Osteoporosis: A Single-blind, Randomized Pilot Study. Current Therapeutic Research. 62: 187–193.

H. Ko, et al. 2004. Analysis of Density Distribution for Unsteady Butane Flow Using Three-dimensional Digital Speckle Tomography. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. 18: 1213–1221.

H. Sun, et al. 2008. New Equations for Density, Entropy, Heat Capacity, and Potential Temperature of a Saline Thermal Fluid. Elsevier. I: 1304–1310.

S. Lederer, et al. 2008. Connectivity-based Localization of Large Scale Sensor Networks with Complex Shape. In INFOCOM 2008. The 27th Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE.

J. E. Sanders, et al. 2006. A Noncontact Sensor for Measurement of Distal Residual-limb Position During Walking. JRRD. 43: 509–516.

S. M. Huang, et al. 1992. Design of Sensor Electronics for Electrical Capacitance Tomography. IEEE., 139: 83–88.

Y. Sonoda. 1992. Magnetic Sensors and Medical Bio-technology Measuring Vibrations, Displacements, and Articulatory Movements. IEEE. 7: 714–721.

C. G. Xie, et al. 1992. Electrical Capacitance Tomography for Flow Imaging: System Model for Development of Image Reconstruction Algorithms and Design of Primary Sensors. IEEE. 139: 89–98.

D. Stoeckel and T. Waram. 1992. Use of Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloys for Thermal Sensor-actuators. 382–387.

Y. Son &. 1995. Applications of Magnetometer Sensors to Observing Bio-Mechanical Movements. IEEE. 31: 1283–1290.

A. J. Jaworski and G. T. Bolton. 2000. The Design of an Electrical Capacitance Tomography Sensor for Use With Media of High Dielectric Permittivity. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST).11: 743–757.

G. D. Finlayson and M. S. Drew. 2001. 4-Sensor Camera Calibration for Image Representation Invariant to Shading, Shadows, Lighting, and Specularities. IEEE. 473–480.

J. H. Merritt, et al. 2007. Intelligent Shape Sensor. Presented at the Southern Illinois University Carbondale Carbondale, IL, USA, USA.

Z. Ding, et al. 2002. High-resolution Optical Coherence Tomography Over a Large Depth Range with an Axicon Lens. Optical Society of America. 27: 243–246.

M. Sato, et al. 2003. Basic Study on Imaging Interferometer using Long Gradient-Index Lenses for Optical Coherence Tomography. Optical Review. 10: 452–455.

C. S. Premachandran, et al. 2009. Design, Fabrication, and Assembly of an Optical Biosensor Probe Package for OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) Application. Advanced Packaging, IEEE Transactions on. 32: 417–422.

E. Kim, et al. 2009. Automated Analysis of OCT Images of the Crystalline Lens. Ophthalmic Technologies XIX, edited by Fabrice Manns, Per G. Söderberg, Arthur Ho. 7163: 1–10.

R. K. Manapuram, et al. 2010. Assessment of Wave Propagation on Surfaces of Crystalline Lens With Phase Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography. Laser Physics. 8: 164–168.

S. O. Isikman, et al. 2011. Compact and Cost-effective Lensless Tomographic on-chip Microscope. Presented at the 15th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Y. Haider, et al. 2009. A Prototype System for Infrared Computed Tomography for Image Reconstruction. In Multitopic Conference, 2009. INMIC 2009. IEEE 13th International. 1–5.

H. Takanashi, et al. 2012. A Consideration of Shape of Sensor Holder for Portable Braille Reading Sensor. In Advanced Mechatronic Systems (ICAMechS), 2012 International Conference on. 615–620.

Downloads

Published

2014-09-08

How to Cite

Measurement of the Content of Water Using Light Penetration. (2014). Jurnal Teknologi, 70(3). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v70.3475