ASSESSMENT OF THE SPATIAL VARIATION AND SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF AIR POLLUTION BASED ON CHEMOMETRIC TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY IN THE PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Authors

  • Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  • Hafizan Juahir East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  • Mohd Ekhwan Toriman East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  • Azman Azid Lecturer at East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  • Barzani Mohd Gasim East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  • Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v77.4235

Keywords:

Chemometric technique, source apportionment, principal component analysis, multiple linear regressions, air pollution index

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the spatial variation in the source of air pollution, identify the percentage contribution of each pollutant and apportion the mass contribution of each source category using chemometric techniques. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HACA) successfully grouped the five air monitoring sites into three groups (cluster 1, 2 and 3). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to spot out the sources of air pollution which are attributed to anthropogenic activities. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to develop an equation model that explains the contribution of pollutants in each cluster. However, it was observed that particulate matter (PM10) and Ozone (O3) are the most significant pollutants influencing the value of air pollutant index (API). Meanwhile, the source apportionment indicates that cluster 1 is influenced by gas and non-gas pollutants to a degree of 84%, weather condition 15% and 1% by gas and secondary pollutants. Cluster 2 is affected by gas and secondary pollutants to a tune of 87% and 13% by weather condition while cluster 3 is apportioned with 98% secondary gas and non-gas pollutants and 2% weather condition. This study reveals the usefulness of chemometric technique in modeling and reducing the cost and time of monitoring redundant stations and parameters.

Author Biographies

  • Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka, East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
    MSc Student, East Coast Environmnetal Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Malaysia
  • Hafizan Juahir, East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
    Associate Professor Hafizan Juahir

    East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

  • Mohd Ekhwan Toriman, East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
    Professor Mohd Ekhwan Toriman

    East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

  • Barzani Mohd Gasim, East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
    Professor Barzani Mohd Gasim
  • Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin, East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

    Dr. Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin

    East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zaianal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

References

Jacob, D. J. & Winner, D. A. 2009. Effect of Climate Change on Air Quality. Atmospheric Environment. 43(1): 51-63.

Rao, B. V., Ramjee, E. Reddy, V. V. 2014. Spatial and Temporal Determination of the Air Quality at Major Transportation Regions of the Hyderabad Metropolitant City: India. International Journal of Engineering Research and Apps. 4: 9-14.

Salma, I., Chi, X., & Maenhaut, W. 2004. Elemental and Organic Carbon in Urban Canyon and Background Environments in Budapest, Hungary. Atmospheric Environment. 38(1): 27-36.

Monks, P. S., Grainer, C. et al. 2009. Atmospheric Composition Changes-global and Regional Air Quality. Atmospheric Environment. 43: 4268-5350.

MacNee, W., & Donaldson, K. 2003. Mechanism of Lung Injury Caused by PM10 and Ultrafine Particles with Special Reference to COPD. European Respiratory Journal. 21(40 suppl): 47s-51s.

Ilyas, S. Z., Khattak, A. I., Nasir, S. M., Qurashi, T., &Durrani, R. 2010. Air Pollution Assessment in Urban Areas and Its Impact on Human Health in the City of Quetta, Pakistan. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 12(3): 291-299.

Ballester, F., Llop, S., Estarlich, M., Esplugues, A.,Rebagliato, M., & Iñiguez, C. 2010. Preterm Birth and Exposure to Air Pollutants During Pregnancy. Environmental Research 110. 8: 778-785.

World Health Organization (WHO) 2002. World Health Report: Reducing Risk, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva, Switzerland.

Seinfled, J. H., Pandis, S. N. 1998. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. Wiley, Hobooken.

Mutalib, S. N. S. A., Juahir, H., Azid, A., Sharif, S. M., Latif, M. T., Aris, A. Z., Zain, S. M., Dominick, D. 2013. Spatial and Temporal Air Quality Pattern Recognition Using Environmetric Techniques: A Case Study in Malaysia. Environmental Science, Processes & Impacts. 1-2.

Azid, A., Juahir, H., Toriman, M. E., Kamarudin, M. K. A., Saudi, A. S. M., Hasnam, C. N. C. &Yamin, M. 2014. Prediction of the Level of Air Pollution Using Principal Component Analysis and Artificial Neural Network Techniques: a Case Study in Malaysia. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 225(8): 1-14.

Jamal, H. H., Pillay, M. S., Zailina, H., Shamsul, B. S., Sinha, K., Zaman Huri, Z., Khew, S. L., Mazrura, S., Ambu, S., Rahimah, A., Ruzita, M. S. 2004. A Study of Health Impact & Risk Assessment of Urban Air Pollution in Klang Valley. UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

Dominick, D., Juahir, H., Latif, M. T., Zain, S. M., & Aris, A. Z. 2012. Spatial Assessment of Air Quality Patterns in Malaysia Using Multivariate Analysis. Atmospheric Environment. 60: 172-181.

Mohamad, J., Kiggundu, A. T. 2007. The Rise of the Private Car in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia-Assessing The Policy Options. IATSS Res. 31(1): 69-77.

Ministry of Transport Malaysia (MOT). 2010. Malaysia Transport Statistics Report. Putrajaya, Malaysia.

Malaysia Meteorological Department (MMD). 2009. General Climate of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.

Malaysia Meteorological Department (MMD). 2010. General Climate of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.

Dawson, J. P., Adams, P. J., Pandis, S. N. 2007. Sensitivity of PM2.5 to climate in the Eastern U.S: A Modeling Case Study. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7: 4295-4309.

Kovac-Andric, E., Brana, J., Gvozdic, V. 2009. Impact of Meteorological Factors on Ozone Concentrations Modeled by Time Series and Multivariate Statistical Methods. Ecological Informatics. 4(2): 117-122.

Kleeman, M. J. 2007. A Preliminary Assessment of the Sensitivity of Air Quality in California to Global Change. Climatic Change. 87: S273-S292.

Wang, L., Li, J., Lu, H., Gu, Z., Rioual, P., Hao, Q. & Chu, G. 2012. The East Asian Winter Monsoon Over the Last 15,000 Years: Its Links to High-Latitudes and Tropical Climate Systems and Complex Correlation to the Summer Monsoon. Quaternary Science Review.32: 131-142.

Azmi, S. Z., Latif, M. T., Ismail, A. S., Juneng, L., & Jemain, A. A. 2010. Trend and Status of Air Quality at Three Different Monitoring Stations in The Klang Valley, Malaysia. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 3(1): 53-64.

Razak, M. I. M., Ahmad, I., Bujang, I., Talib, A. H., & Ibrahim, Z. 2013. Economics of Air Pollution in Malaysia. Int J Humanit Soc Sci. 3(13): 173-177.

Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE). 2012. Malaysia Environmental Quality Report. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Kuala Lumpur.

Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE). 1997. A Guide to Air Pollution Index In Malaysia (API). Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Kuala Lumpur.

Wu, E. M., Kuo, S., 2013. A Study of the Use of a Statistical Analysis Model to Monitor Air Pollution Status in an Air Quality-Total Control District. Atmosphere. 4: 349-364.

Arhami, M., Kamali, N., & Rajabi, M. M. 2013. Predicting Hourly Air Pollutant Levels Using Artificial Neural Networks Coupled with Uncertainty Analysis by Monte Carlo Simulations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 20(7): 4777-4789.

Simeonov, V., Einax, J.W., Stanimirova, I., Kraft, J. 2002 Environmental Modelling and Interpretation of River Water Monitoring Data. Analytical and Bio Analytical Chemistry. 374: 898-905.

Juahir, H., Zain, S. M., Yusoff, M. K., Hanidza, T. T., Armi, A. M., Toriman, M. E., & Mokhtar, M. 2011. Spatial water quality Assessment of Langat River Basin (Malaysia) Using Environmetric Techniques. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 173(1-4): 625-641.

Samsudin, M. S., Juahir, H., Zain, S. M., & Adnan, N. H. 2011. Surface River Water Quality Interpretation Using Environmetric Techniques: Case study at Perlis River Basin, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Protection.

Al-Odaini, N. A., Zakaria, M. P., Zali, M. A., Juahir, H., Yaziz, M. I., & Surif, S. 2012. Application of Chemometrics in Understanding the Spatial Distribution of Human Pharmaceuticals in Surface Water. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 184(11): 6735-6748.

Smith, D. G. 1990. A Better Water Quality Indexing System for Rivers and Streams. Water Research. 24(10): 1237-1244.

Satheeshkumar, P., Khan, A. B. 2012 Identification of Mangrove Water Quality by Multivariate Statistical Analysis Methods in Pondicherry Coast. India Environ Monit Assess. 184(6): 3761-3774. DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2222-4.

Deepulal, P. M., Sujatha, C. H., & George, R. 2012. Chemometric Study on the Trace Metal Accumulation in the Sediments of the Cochin Estuary―Southwest Coast of India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 184(10): 6261-6279.

Wahid, N. B. A., Latif, M. T., &Suratman, S. 2013. Composition and Source Apportionment of Surfactants in Atmospheric Aerosols of Urban and Semi-Urban Areas in Malaysia. Chemosphere. 91(11): 1508-1516.

Mustaffa, N. I. H., Latif, M. T., Ali, M. M., & Khan, M. F. 2014. Source Apportionment of Surfactants in Marine Aerosols at Different Locations Along the Malacca Straits. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 21(10): 6590-6602.

Thurston, G. D Spengler, J. D. 1985. A Quantitative Assessment of Source Contributions to Inhalable Particulate Matter Pollution in Metropolitan Boston. Atmospheric Environment. 19: 9-25.

Thurston, G. D., K. Ito, T. Mar, W. F. Christensen, D. J. Eatough, R. C. Henry, E. Kim, F. Laden, R. Lall, T. V. Larson, H. Liu, L. Neas, J. Pinto, M. Stolzel, H. Suh, P. K. Hopke. 2005. Dec. Workgroup Report: Workshop on Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter Health Effects-Intercomparison of Results and Implications. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(12): 1768-1774.

Jaafar, S. A., Latif, M. T., Chian, C. W., Han, W. S., Wahid, N. B. A., Razak, I. S.& Tahir, N. M. 2014. Surfactants in the Sea-Surface Microlayer and Atmospheric Aerosol Around the Southern Region of Peninsular Malaysia. Marine pollution bulletin. 84(1): 35-43.

Chatterjee, S., Price, B. 1999. Regression Analysis by Example. third ed. Wiley, Chichester.

Petrie, A., Sabin, C. 2012. Medical Statistics at a Glance. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Lopez-Soler, A., Plana, F., Mantilla, E., Juan, R., Ruiz, C. R., La Orden, A. Characterisation of Atmospheric Particulates Around a Coal Fired Power Station. Int. J. Coal Geol. 40: 175-188.

Department of Statistic Malaysia. 2010. Basic Population Characteristics by Administrative Districts. 2009 Report.

Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE). 2007. Malaysia Environmental Quality Report, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Kuala Lumpur.

Department of Statistic Malaysia. 2010. Basic Population Characteristics by Administrative Districts. 2009 Report.

Junninen, H., Niska, H., Tuppurainen, K., Ruuskanen, J., & Kolehmainen, M. 2004. Methods for Imputation of Missing Values in Air Quality Data Sets. Atmospheric Environment. 38(18): 2895-2907.

Wang, Y. B., Liu, C. W., Liao, P. Y., & Lee, J. J. 2014. Spatial Pattern Assessment of River Water Quality: Implications of Reducing the Number of Monitoring Stations and Chemical Parameters. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 186(3): 1781-1792.

Deepulal, P. M., Sujatha, C. H., & George, R. 2012. Chemometric Study on the Trace Metal Accumulation in the Sediments of the Cochin Estuary―Southwest Coast of India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 184(10): 6261-6279.

Yang, Y., Liu, Z., Chen, F., Wu, S., Zhang, L., Kang, M., & Li, J. 2014. Assessment of Trace Element Contamination in Sediment Cores from the Pearl River and Estuary, South China: Geochemical and Multivariate Analysis Approaches. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 186(12): 8089-8107.

Zhang, X., Jiang, H., & Zhang, Y. 2013. Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of Persistent Pollutants in Marine Sediments of Hong Kong. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 185(6): 4693-4704.

Lau, J., Hung, W. T., Cheung, C. S. 2009. Interpretation of Air Quality in Relation to Monitoring Station’s Surrounding. Atmospheric Environmetric. 43: 769-777.

Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Sinha, S. 2005. Water Quality Assessment and Apportionment of Pollution Sources of Gomti River (India) Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques E A Case Study. Analytica Chimica Acta. 538: 355-374.

Shrestha, S., & Kazama, F. 2007. Assessment of Surface Water Quality Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques: A Case Study of the Fuji River Basin, Japan. Environmental Modelling & Software. 22(4): 464-475.

Osman, R., Saim, N., Juahir, H., & Abdullah, M. P. 2012. Chemometric Application in Identifying Sources of Organic Contaminants in Langat River Basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 184(2): 1001-1014.

Brumelis, G., Lapina, L., Nikodemus, O., Tabors, G. 2000. Use of an Artificial Model of Moitoring Data to Aid Interpretation of Principal Component Analysis. Environmental Modeling & Software. 15 (8): 775-763.

Love, D., Hallbauer, D., Amos, A., & Hranova, R. 2004. Factor Analysis as a Tool in Groundwater Quality Management: Two Southern African Case Studies. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 29(15): 1135-1143.

Liu, C. W., Lin, K. H., & Kuo, Y. M. 2003. Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Groundwater Quality in a Blackfoot Disease Area in Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment. 313(1): 77-89.

Shi, G. L., Zeng, F., LI, X., Feng, Y. C., Wang, Y. Q., Liu, G. X., Zhu, T. 2011. Estimated Contributions and Uncertainties of PCA/MLR -CMB Results: Source Apportionment For Synthetic and Ambient Datasets. Atmos. Environ. 45: 2811-2819.

Ilten, N., & Selici, A. T. 2008. Investigating the Impacts of Some Meteorological Parameters on Air Pollution in Balikesir, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 140(1-3): 267-277.

Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE). 2005. Malaysia Environmental Quality Report, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Kuala Lumpur.

Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE). 2010. Malaysia Environmental Quality Report, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Kuala Lumpur.

Abdullah, A. M., Abu Samah, M. A., & Jun, T. Y. 2012. An Overview of the Air Pollution Trend in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Open Environ Sci. 6: 13-19.

Sara, Y. Y., Rashid, M., Chuah, T. G., Suhaimi, M., & Mohamed, N. N. 2013. Characteristics of Airborne Pm2.5 and Pm2.5-10 in the Urban Environment of Kuala Lumpur. Advanced Materials Research. 620: 502-510.

Janssen, N. A., van Vliet, P. H., Aarts, F., Harssema, H., & Brunekreef, B. 2001. Assessment of Exposure to Traffic Related Air Pollution of Children Attending Schools Near Motorways. Atmospheric Environment. 35(22): 3875-3884.

Morawska, L., Jayaratne, E. R., Mengersen, K., Jamriska, M., & Thomas, S. 2002. Differences in Airborne Particle and Gaseous Concentrations in Urban Air Between Weekdays and Weekends. Atmospheric Environment. 36(27): 4375-4383.

Pandey, S. K., Tripathi, B. D., & Mishra, V. K. 2008. Dust Deposition in a Sub-Tropical Opencast Coalmine Area, India. Journal of Environmental Management. 86(1): 132-138.

Brook, R. D., Franklin, B., Cascio, W., Hong, Y., Howard, G., Lipsett, M., &Tager, I. 2004. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease a Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Expert Panel on Population And Prevention Science of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 109(21): 2655-2671.

Arsene, C., Olariu, R. I., & Mihalopoulos, N. 2007. Chemical Composition of Rainwater in the Northeastern Romania, Iasi Region (2003–2006). Atmospheric Environment. 41(40): 9452-9467.

Yusof, N. F. F. M., Ramli, N. A., Yahaya, A. S., Sansuddin, N., Ghazali, N. A., & al Madhoun, W. 2010. Monsoonal Differences and Probability Distribution of PM10 Concentration. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 163(1-4): 655-667.

Ghazali, N. A., Ramli, N. A., & Yahaya, A. S. 2009. A Study to Investigate and Model the Transformation of Nitrogen Dioxide into Ozone Using Time Series Plot. European Journal of Scientific Research. 37(2): 192-205.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IIPC). 1999. IIPC Special Report: Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, Summary for Policy Makers. IIPC - XV/DOC 99.

Propecus, F., Lonel, I., Belegante, L., Lontis, N., Cebrucean V. 2011. Direct Measurement and Numerical Simulation Issues in Airport Air Quality. International Journal of Energy & Environment. 3(5): 410-417.

Scheelhaase, J. D., Grimme, W. G. 2007. Emissions Trading for International Aviation, Estimation of the Economic Impact on Selected European Airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management. 13: 253-263.

Malaysia Meteorological Department (MMD). 2012. General Climate of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.

Brunekreef, B., Holgate, S. T. 2012. Air Pollution and Health Lancet. 360: 1233-1242.

Banan, N., Latif, M. T., Juneng, L., & Ahamad, F. 2013. Characteristics of Surface Ozone Concentrations at Stations with Different Backgrounds in the Malaysian Peninsula. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 13(3): 1090-1106.

Mittal, M. L., Hess, P. G., Jain, S. L., Arya, B. C., & Sharma, C. 2007. Surface Ozone in the Indian Region. Atmospheric Environment. 41(31): 6572-6584.

Sadanaga, Y., Sengen, M., Takenaka, N., & Bandow, H. 2012. Analyses of the Ozone Weekend Effect in Tokyo, Japan: Regime of Oxidant (O3+ NO2) Production. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 12: 161-168.

Atkinson, R. 2000. Atmospheric Chemistry of VOCs and NOx. Atmospheric Environment. 34: 2063-2101.

Bauer, S. E., & Langmann, B. 2002. Analysis of a Summer Smog Episode in the Berlin-Brandenburg Region with a Nested Atmosphere-Chemistry Model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2(4): 259-270.

Latif, M. T., Azmi, S. Z., Noor, A. D. M., Ismail, A. S., Johny, Z., Idrus, S., & Mokhtar, M. B. 2011. The Impact of Urban Growth on Regional Air Quality Surrounding the Langat River Basin, Malaysia. The Environmentalist. 31(3): 315-324.

Downloads

Published

2015-10-20

Issue

Vol. 77 No. 1: November 2015

Section

Science and Engineering

License

Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.

How to Cite

ASSESSMENT OF THE SPATIAL VARIATION AND SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF AIR POLLUTION BASED ON CHEMOMETRIC TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY IN THE PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. (2015). Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), 77(1). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v77.4235