Soot Particle Evolution and Transport in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine

Authors

  • Muhammad Ahmar Zuber Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Wan Mohd Faizal Wan Mahmood Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Zambri Harun Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Zulkhairi Zainol Abidin Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v74.4556

Keywords:

Particle tracking, in-cylinder soot, coagulation, diesel engine

Abstract

Particle-based in-cylinder soot distribution study is becoming more important as the rules and regulations pertaining to particulate emission of diesel-powered vehicles have been increasingly more stringent. This paper focuses on the investigation of soot size evolution and its distribution and transport inside an engine cylinder. The overall process of soot formation includes soot nucleation, surface growth, oxidation, coagulation and agglomeration. The present study considers only soot surface growth, oxidation and coagulation to predict the in-cylinder soot particle size. The soot surface growth model was based on Hiroyasu’s soot formation model while soot oxidation was referred to Nagle & Strickland-Constable’s soot oxidation model. Coagulation rate was defined using Smoluchowski’s equation with constant proposed by Wersborg. From this study, it is demonstrated that soot particles with relatively larger size are gathered in the centre of the cylinder while smaller soot particles are found to be in the region near the wall. Soot number density is considerably high at the start of combustion and reduces sharply afterward while the soot particle size shows the opposite trend. Soot formation rate was found to be dominant at earlier crank angle and is overcome by soot oxidation and coagulation processes that caused lower soot number density but higher soot particle size.  

References

Appel J., Bockhorn H., and Frenklach M. 2000. Kinetic Modeling of Soot Formation with Detailed Chemistry and Physics: Laminar Premixed Flames of C2 Hydrocarbons. Combustion and Flame. 121(1-2): 122–136.

Frenklach M. 2002. Reaction Mechanism of Soot Formation in Flames. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 4(11): 2028–2037.

Mosbach S., Celnik M. S., Raj A., Kraft M., Zhang H. R., Kubo S., and Kim K. O. 2009. Towards A Detailed Soot Model for Internal Combustion Engines. Combustion and Flame. 156(6): 1156–1165.

Maricq M. M. 2007. Coagulation Dynamics of Fractal-Like Soot Aggregates. Journal of Aerosol Science. 38(2): 141–156.

Wersborg B. L., Howard J. B., and Williams G. C. 1973. Physical Mechanisms in Carbon Formation in Flames. Symposium (International) on Combustion. 14(1): 929–940.

Kazakov A., and Frenklach M. 1998. Dynamic Modeling of Soot Particle Coagulation and Aggregation: Implementation With the Method of Moments and Application to High-Pressure Laminar Premixed Flames. Combustion and Flame. 114(3-4): 484–501.

Graham S. C., Homer J. B., and Rosenfeld J. L. J. 1975. The Formation and Coagulation of Soot Aerosols Generated by the Pyrolysis of Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 344(1637): 259–285.

Kim D., Gautam M., and Gera D. 2002. Parametric Studies on the Formation of Diesel Particulate Matter Via Nucleation and Coagulation Modes. Journal of Aerosol Science. 33(12): 1609–1621.

Sorensen C. M., Hageman W. B., Rush T. J., Huang H., and Oh C. 1998. Aerogelation in a Flame Soot Aerosol. Journal of Aerosol Science. 29: 623–624.

Khan I. M., Wang C. H. T., and Langridge B. E. 1971. Coagulation and Combustion of Soot Particles in Diesel Engines. Combustion and Flame. 17(3): 409–419.

Wan Mahmood W. M. F., Larocca A., Shayler P. J., Pegg I., and Bonatesta F. 2012. Predicted Paths of Soot Particles in the Cylinders of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine. SAE International. 2012-01-0148.

Menkiel B. 2012. Investigation of soot processes in an optical diesel engine. Brunel University, United Kingdom.

Cheng X., Chen L., Yan F., and Dong S. 2013. Study on Soot Formation Characteristics in The Diesel Combustion Process Based on an Improved Detailed Soot Model. Energy Conversion and Management. 75: 1–10.

Puduppakkam K., Modak A., and Naik C. 2013. Soot Particle Tracking with FORTÉ CFD Using Method of Moments and a Detailed Soot Chemistry Mechanism. International Multidimensional Engine Modeling User’s Group Meeting.

Rao V., and Honnery D. 2014. Application of a Multi-Step Soot Model in a Thermodynamic Diesel Engine Model. Fuel. 135: 269–278.

Zuber, M.A., Wan Mahmood W. M. F., Harun, Z., Zainol Abidin, Z., Larocca A., Shayler P. J., and Bonatesta F. 2015. Modeling of In-Cylinder Soot Particle Size Evolution and Distribution in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine. SAE International. 2015-01-1075.

Downloads

Published

2015-05-14

Issue

Vol. 74 No. 3: Special Issue on Sustainable Integrative Technology from Interdisciplinary Convergence Researches

Section

Science and Engineering

License

Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.

How to Cite

Soot Particle Evolution and Transport in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine. (2015). Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), 74(3). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v74.4556