The Ratio of Plant Numbers to the Total Mass of Contaminant as One Factor in Scaling-up Phytoremediation Process

Authors

  • Israa Abdul Wahab Al-Baldawi Department of Biochemical Engineering, Al-khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  • Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah Centre for Engineering Education Research, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Fatihah Suja Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Nurina Anuar Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Mushrifah Idris Tasik Chini Reasearch Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v74.4561

Keywords:

Phytotoxicity, phytoremediation, plants number, total mass, contaminant

Abstract

A toxicity test is carried out to select the contaminant concentration that a plant can tolerate in phytoremediation. We focused on the ratio of plant numbers to the total mass of contaminant as the factor for selection of contaminant concentration, nature of soil type and plant species in a diesel phytoremediation project. Based on the results of a preliminary test, Scirpus grossus could survive when the ratio of plant numbers to the total mass of diesel was more than 0.15 for 3% (Vdiesel/Vwater) after 14 days of exposure in a sub–surface flow system (SSF) containing 780 mL of diesel contaminated water with 33% percentage of withered plants. In a phytotoxicity test containing 7 L of diesel contaminated water, S. grossus could also survive with the ratio more than 0.07 for 2% (Vdiesel/Vwater) for 72 days of exposure with 36% percentage of withered plants. Based on the results of the preliminary and phytotoxicity tests, selection of diesel concentration in pilot scale containing 500 L of diesel contaminated water with 50 plants was fixed. Based on a minimum ratio of 0.05 from the preliminary and phytotoxicity tests, three diesel concentrations were selected to be 0.1, 0.175 and 0.25% to evaluate the performance of pilot reed bed to remediate diesel. Through the pilot study, the concentrations have resulted 10, 20 and 30% withered plants in the respective diesel concentration. The ratio of plant numbers to the total mass of contaminant must be considered as one factor to determine the phytotoxicity effects of the contaminant concentration in scaling-up a reed bed system for phytoremediation process.

References

S. Susarla, V.F. Medina, S.C. McCutcheon. 2002. Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution to Organic Chemical Contamination. Ecol. Eng. 18: 647–658.

P. Teamkao, P. Thiravetyan. 2010. Phytoremediation of Ethylene Glycol and Its Derivatives by the Burhead Plant (Echinodorus cordifolius (L.)): Effect of Molecular Size. Chemosphere. 81: 1069–1074.

I. A. Al-Baldawi, S.R. Sheikh Abdullah, F. Suja’, N. Anuar, M. Idris, 2013. Phytotoxicity Test of Scirpus Grossus on Diesel-contaminated Water Using a Subsurface Flow System. Ecol. Eng. 54: 49–56.

Z. Chena, P. Kuschk, N. Reiche, H. Borsdorf, M. Kästner, H. Köser. 2012. Comparative Evaluation of Pilot Scale Horizontal Subsurface-Flow Constructed Wetlands and Plant Root Mats for Treating Groundwater Contaminated with Benzene and MTBE. J. Hazard. Mater. 209–210: 510–515.

Z. Zhang, Z. Rengel, K. Meney. 2011. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Differentially Influence Growth of Various Emergent Wetland Species. J. Hazard. Mater. 182: 689–695.

S. K. Karenlampi, H. Schat, J. Vangronsveld, J. A. C. Verkleij, D. van der Lelie, M. Mergeay, A.I. Tervahauta. 2000. Genetic Engineering in the Improvement of Plants for Phytoremediation of Metal Polluted Soils. Environ. Pollut. 107: 225–231.

B. V. Tangahu, S. R. S. Abdullah, H. Basri, M. Idris, N. Anuar, M. Mukhlisin. 2013. Phytotoxicity of Wastewater Containing Lead (Pb) Effects Scirpus grossus. Int. J. Phytorem. 15: 814–826.

Weed Science Society of America (WSSA). 2011. http://www.wssa.net/Weeds/Invasive/FactSheets/Actinoscirpus%20grossus.pdf.

K. B. Jinadasa, N. Tanaka, S. Sasikala, D. R. Werellagama, M. I. Mowjood, W. J. Ng. 2008. Impact of Harvesting on Constructed Wetlands Performance-A Comparison Between Scirpus grossus and Typha angustifolia. J. Environ. Sci. Health. Part A. 43: 664–671.

Z. Caia, Q. Zhoua, S. Penga, K. Li. 2010. Promoted Biodegradation and Microbiological Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Impatiens Balsamina L. with Strong Endurance. J. Hazard. Mater. 183: 731–737.

M. Huesemann, T. Hausmann, T. Fortman, R. Thom, V. Cullinan. 2009. In Situ Phytoremediation Of PAH- and PCB-Contaminated Marine Sediments With Eelgrass (Zostera marina). Ecol. Eng. 35: 1395–1404.

W. Xu, A.G. Kachenko, B. Singh. 2010. Effect of Soil Properties on Arsenic Hyperaccumulation in Pteris vittata and Pityrogramma caloelanos var. austroamericana. Int. J. Phytorem. 12: 174–187.

Anonymous, 2011. www.petrofinder.com/fuel/down_load_fuel.php?id=3773. Revision: March 2011.

Downloads

Published

2015-05-14

Issue

Vol. 74 No. 3: Special Issue on Sustainable Integrative Technology from Interdisciplinary Convergence Researches

Section

Science and Engineering

License

Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.

How to Cite

The Ratio of Plant Numbers to the Total Mass of Contaminant as One Factor in Scaling-up Phytoremediation Process. (2015). Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), 74(3). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v74.4561