Urban Design Guidelines to Mitigate Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effects In Hot-Dry Cities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v74.4619Keywords:
Thermal comfort, Urban Heat Island (UHI), hot and dry city, Urban Design GuidelinesAbstract
Global warming and undeniable climatic change in the world have led to decreasing thermal comfort for humans. Urban heat island (UHI) is the most documented phenomenon which has led to the increasing temperature in urban areas. It has received much focus in the past few decades to evaluate the main effective criteria of UHI. Street heat has negative effects on human health and will only worsen in future; these negative effects would double in hot and dry urban area. This paper investigates the effects of UHI in these cities and illustrates the important factors which make them extremely hot. The outcome of this study can be used to determine the key guidelines for urban designers, urban planners, architects and landscape designers to recline the UHI impressions in urban areas and make more thermal comfort for Burgher.References
Lamit, H., Shafaghat, A., Abd. Majid, M. Z., Keyvanfar, A., Shafaghat, A., Ahmad, M. H., Malik, T. A. 2013a. The Path Walkability Index (PAWDEX) Model: To Measure Built Environment Variables Influencing Residents’ Walking Behavior. Journal of Advanced Science Letter. 19(10): 3017–3020.
Corburn, J. 2009. Cities, Climate Change, and Urban Heat Island Mitigation: Localising Global Environmental Science. Urban Studies. 413–427.
Keith, C. Heidorn. 2009. Luke Howard: The Man Who Named The Clouds. Islandnet.com. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Voogt, J. A. 2002. Urban Heat Island. In Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change. Edited by I. Douglas. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 660–666.
Lamit, H., Shafaghat, A., Abd. Majid, M. Z., Keyvanfar, A., Ahmad, M. H., Malik, T. A., Zin, R., Yadollahi, M. 2013b. Application of the Path Walkability Index (Pawdex) Model: A Case Study of Retail Walking Pattern Recognition in the Taman University Neighborhood, Skudai, Malaysia. Journal of Advanced Science Letters. 19(10): 3021–3024.
Johansson, Erik. 2006. Urban Design and Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Warm Climates. PhD Thesis, Lund: Lund University.
Lamit, H., Majid, M. Z. A., Shafaghat, A., Keyvanfar A. 2012. Sidewalk Design Decisionmaking Model Based on Walking Behaviour Pattern Recognition: Proposal Validation. International Journal of Sustainable Development. 4(1): 27–34.
The Heat Island Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab).
Nakamura, Y., and T. R. Oke. 1988.Wind, Temperature and Stability Conditions in an East-West Oriented Urban Canyon. Atmospheric Environment. 22(12): 2691–2700.
Oke, T. R. 1988. The Urban Energy Balance. Progress in Physical Geography. 12: 471–508.
Keyvanfar, A., Shafaghat, A., Majid, M. Z. A., Lamit, H., Hussin, M. W., Ali, Kh. N., Dhafer Saad, A. 2014. User Satisfaction Adaptive Behavior Criteria for Assessing Energy Efficient Building Indoor Cooling and Lighting Qualities. Journal of Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. Elsevier. 39: 277–293.
William, D. Solecki, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Lily Parshall, Greg Pope, Maria Clark, Jennifer Cox, Mary Wiencke. 2005. Mitigation of the Heat Island Effect in Urban New Jersey. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards. 6(1): 39–49. ISSN 1464-2867, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hazards.2004.12.002.
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies-Urban Heat Island Basics. By EPA. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. 2010. Urban Greening to Cool Towns and Cities: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning. 97(3): 147e155.
Oke, T. R. 1989. The Micrometeorology of the Urban Forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B. 12: 471–508.
Upmanis, H., I. Eliasson, and S. Lindqvist. 1998. The Influence of Green Areas on Nocturnal Temperatures in a High Latitude City (Goteborg, Sweden). International Journal of Climatology. 18: 681–700.
Shafaghat, A., Keyvanfar, A., Zakaria, W. Z., Zaimi, M. Z. A., Lamit, H., Ali Kh. N., Ahmad, M. H., Iskandar Ariffin, S. A. 2014. Investigation of Future Building Performance Factors Towards Energy Efficient Travel Plan in Regional Development. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering). 70(7): 77–81.
United States. NASA. Air Pollution Prevention Through Urban Heat Island Mitigation: An Update on the Urban Heat Island Pilot Project. By Virginia Gorsevski, Haider Taha, Dale Quattrochi, and Jeff Luvall. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
Mirzaei, P. A., & Haghighat, F. 2010. Approaches to Study Urban Heat Islandeabilities and Limitations. Building and Environment. 45(10): 2192e2201.
Petralli, M., Massetti, L., Brandani, G., & Orlandini, S. 2014. Urban Planning Indicators: Useful Tools to Measure the Effect of Urbanization and Vegetation on Summer Air Temperatures. International Journal of Climatology. 34(4).
Li, Y.; Zhao, X. 2012. An Empirical Study of the Impact of Human Activity on Long-term Temperature Change in China: A Perspective From Energy Consumption. Journal of Geophysical Research. 117. doi:10.1029/2012JD018132.
Sailor, D. J. 2011. A Review of Methods for Estimating Anthropogenic Heat and Moisture Emissions in the Urban Environment. International Journal of Climatology. 31(2): 189–199. doi:10.1002/joc.2106.
Chen, F., Kusaka, H., Bornstein, R., Ching, J., Grimmond, C. S. B., Grossman-Clarke, S., Loridan, T., Manning, K. W., Martilli, A., Miao, S., Sailor, D., Salamanca, F. P., Taha, H., Tewari, M., Wang, X., Wyszogrodzki, A. A.; Zhang, C. 2011. The Integrated WRF/Urban Modelling System: Development, Evaluation, and Applications to Urban Environmental Problems. International Journal of Climatology. 31(2): 273.
Johansson, Erik. 2006. Urban Design and Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Warm Climates. PhD Thesis, Lund: Lund University.
Oke, T. 1988. Street Design and Urban Canopy Layer Climate. Energy and Buildings. 11:103–113.
Arnfield, A. J. 2003.Two Decades of Urban Climate Research: A Review of Turbulence, Exchange of Energy and Water, and the Urban Heat Island. International Journal of Climatology. 23: 1–26.
T. R. Oke. 1982. The Energetic Basis of the Urban Heat Island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 108(455): 1–24.
Monsefi Parapari, D. 2015. Adaptation to Climate Change and Thermal Comfort; Investigating Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Kerman, Iran, Based on Iranian Traditional Urbanism and the German Experiences in the Ruhr (Doctoral Dissertation), Dortmund, Germany.
CDC. 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC. 796–798.
Klinenberg, E. Heat Wave, 2002. A Social Autopsy of a Disaster. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Sheng-chieh Chang. 2000-06-23. Energy Use. Environmental Energies Technology Division. Retrieved 2009-06-18.[dead link].
Shafaghat, A., Keyvanfar, A., Lamit, H., Mousavi, A., Majid, M. Z. A., 2014. Open Plan Office Design Features Affecting Staff’s Health and Well-being Status. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering). 70(7): 83–8.
P. Nejat , F. Jomehzadeh, M.Taheri, M.Gohari, M. Zaimi Abd. Majid. 2015. A Global Review of Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Policy in There Residential Sector (withanoverviewofthetoptenCO2 emitting countries).
Sh.N. Mohammad, R. Zakaria, W. Omar, M. Majid, A. Saleh, M. Mustafar, R. Mohammad Zin, and N. A. Jainuddin. 2014, Potential of Solar Farm Development at UTM Campus for Generating Green Energy.
S. M. Zahraee, A. Khademi, Sh. Khademi, A. Abdullah, H. Ganjbakhsh. 2014. Application of Design Experiments to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Climate Factors on Energy Saving in Green Residential Buildings.
NYS DEC. 2013. Streams Tributary to Onondaga Lake Biological Assessment.Dec.ny.gov. N.p., 2008. Web.
Islands in the Sun. Institute on the Environment. University of Minnesota.
Oke, T. R. 1994. Boundary Layer Climates. London, New York: Routledge, 1987.
Keynote Address to the Technical Conference on Tropical Urban Climates (TeCTUC). WMO/TD. 23–27.
VDI. 2008. Methods for the Human Bio Meteorological Evaluation of Climate and Air Quality for Urban and Regional Planning at Regional Level. Part I: Climate. Official report, VDI, Dusseldorf: Verein Deutscher Ingenieure.
Roaf, S., D. Crichton, and F. Nicol. 2009. Adapting Buildings and Cities for Climate Change: A 21st Century Survival Guide. Oxford: Architectural Press.
Dessai, S. 2002. Heat Stress and Mortality in Lisbon Part I. Model Construction And Validation. International Journal of Biometeorology. 47: 6–12.
Gehl, J. 2001. Life Between Buildings-Using Public Spaces. Copenhagen: The Danish Architectural Press.
Rosenzweig, C., W. D. Solecki, and R. Slosberg. 2006. Mitigationg New York City's Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs and Light Surfaces. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. 23.
Akbari, H. S., S. Davis, and S. Dorsano. 1992. Cooling Our Communities: A Guide-book on Tree Planting and Light-colored Surfacing. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Offices.
Alcoforado, M. J., and A. Matzarakis. 2010. Planning with Urban Climate in Different Climatic Zones. Geographicalia. 57: 5–39.
Zinzi, M., and S. Agnoli. 2012. Cool and Green Roofs. An Energy and Comfort Comparison Between Passive Cooling and Mitigation Urban Heat Island Techniques for Residential Buildings in the Mediterranean Region. Energy and Buildings. 55: 66–76. Print.
Taha, H. 1997. Urban Climates and Heat Islands: Albedo, Evapotranspiration and Anthropogenic Heat. Energy and Buildings. 25: 99–103.
Davis, S., P. Martien, and N. Sampson. 1992. .Planting and Light Colored Surfacing for Energy Conservation. In Cooling Our Communities: A Guidebook on Tree Planting and Light-colored Surfacing, by H. S. et al. Akbari. Washington: US Govenment Printing Offices.
Bretz, S., and B. Pon.1994. Durability of High Albedo Roof Coatings. Recent Research in the Building and Energy Analysis Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
Rosenzweig, C, W. D. Solecki, and R. Slosberg. 2006. Mitigationg New York City's Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs and Light Surfaces. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority.
Ali-Toudert, F., M. Djenane, R. Bensalem, and H. Mayer. 2005. Outdoor Thermal Comfort in the Old Desert City of Beni-Isguen, Algeria. Climate Research. 28: 243–256.
Bourbia, F., and H. B. Awbi. 2004. Building Cluster and Shading in Urban Canyon for Hot Dry Climate. Part 1: Air and Surface Temperature Measurements. Renewable Energy. 29: 249–262.
Pearlmutter, D., A. Bitan, and P. Berliner. 1999. Microclimatic Analysis of 'Compact' Urban Canyons in an Arid Zone. Atmospheric Environment. 33(24–25): 4143–4150.
Bourbia, F., and H.B. Awbi. 2004. Building Cluster and Shading in Urban Canyon for Hot Dry Climate. Part 1: Air and Surface Temperature Measurements. Renewable Energy. 29: 249–262.
Fröhlich, D., Matzarakis. A. 2013. Modeling of Changes in Human Thermal Bioclimate Resulting from Changes in Urban Design: Example Based on a Popular Place in Freiburg, Southwest Germany. Advances in Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics (Springer Atmospheric Sciences). 443–449.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
