Review of Course Keeping Control System for Unmanned Surface Vehicle

Authors

  • M. N. Azzeri Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • F. A. Adnan Marine Technology Center, Transportation Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • M. Z. Md. Zain Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v74.4635

Keywords:

Unmanned surface vehicle, course keeping, control approach

Abstract

This paper presents a review of research work done on various aspects of control system approaches of unmanned surface vehicle (USV) in order to improve the course keeping performance. Various methods have been used to produce a course keeping control system for manoeuvring system of USV. However, the review reveals that the adaptive backstepping control system is a powerful tool for the design of controllers for nonlinear systems or transformable to form a tight feedback parameter. It is very suitable for the automated control system of USV in relative motion that involves the disturbances from waves and wind. Fuzzy logic control also had been suggested as an alternative approach for complex systems with uncertain dynamics and those with nonlinearities. This method does not rely on the mathematical models, but the heuristic approach. Further studies may be conducted to combine the control method approach mentioned above to develop a real time system with robust control laws to the motions of a USV in waves, usually at a specific speed, including station keeping or heading in sinusoidal and irregular waves.  

References

Furfaro, T. C. 2012. A Modular Guidance, Navigation and Control System for Unmanned Surface Vehicles. Florida Atlantic University, Master Thesis, Florida, USA.

Manley, J. E. 2008. Unmanned Surface Vehicles, 15 Years of Development. In: Proceeding Oceans 2008 MTS/IEEE Quebec Conference and Exhibition, Quebec City, Canada. 1–4.

Caccia, M. 2006. Autonomous Surface Craft: Prototypes and Basic Research Issues. In: Control and Automation, 2006. MED '06. 14th Mediterranean Conference, Ancona. 1–6.

Blank, J., Bishop, B. E. 2008. In-Situ Modeling of a High-Speed Autonomous Surface Vessel. In: System Theory, 2008. 40th Southeastern Symposium System Theory, New Orleans. 347–351.

Higinbotham, J. R., Kitchener, P. G., Moisan, J. R. 2006. Development of a New Long Duration Solar Powered Autonomous Surface Vehicle. In: OCEANS 2006, Boston, USA. 1–6.

Bertram, V. 2008. Unmanned Surface Vehicles–A Survey. In: Skibsteknisk Selskab, Copenhagen, Denmark. 1–14.

Jianhua, W., Wei, G., Jianxin, Z., Jubiao, Z. 2009. An Unmanned Surface Vehicle for Multi-mission Applications. In: Electronic Computer Technology, 2009 International Conference Macau, China. 358–361.

Breivik, M., Hovstein, V. E., Fossen, T. I. 2008. Straight-Line Target Tracking for Unmanned Surface Vehicles. J. Modeling, Identification and Control. 29(4): 131–149.

Larson, J., Bruch, M., Ebken, J. 2006. Autonomous Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance for Unmanned Surface Vehicles. In: Proceedings of the SPIE, Unmanned Systems Technology VIII. 6230: 7–22.

Caccia, M., Bibuli, M., Bono, R., Bruzzone, G. 2008. Basic Navigation, Guidance and Control of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle. J. Autonomous Robots. 25(4): 349–365.

Yang, W. R., Chen, C. Y., Hsu, C. M., Tseng, C. J., Yang, W. C. 2011. Multifunctional Inshore Survey Platform with Unmanned Surface Vehicles. International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology. 1(2): 19–25.

Manley, J. E. 1997. Development of The Autonomous Surface Craft "ACES". In: OCEANS '97. MTS/IEEE Conference Proceedings, Halifax, Canada. 827–832.

Manley, J. E., Marsh, A., Cornforth, W., Wiseman, C. 2000. Evolution of the Autonomous Surface Craft AutoCat. In: OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition, Providence, USA. 403–408.

Curcio, J., Leonard, J., Patrikalakis, A. 2005. SCOUT-A Low Cost Autonomous Surface Platform for Research in Cooperative Autonomy. In: OCEANS, 2005. Proceedings of MTS/IEEE. 1: 725–729.

Caccia, M. 2006. Autonomous Surface Craft: Prototypes and Basic Research Issues. In: 14th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, 2006. MED '06, Ancona, Italy. 1–6.

Dhariwal, A., Sukhatme, G. 2007. Experiments in Robotic Boat Localization. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2007. IROS 2007. San Diego, USA. 1702–1708.

Bin, Z., Sukhatme, G. 2007. Adaptive Sampling for Estimating a Scalar Field using a Robotic Boat and a Sensor Network. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2007 Roma, Italy. 3673–3680.

Heidarsson, H. K., Sukhatme, G. 2011. Obstacle Detection and Avoidance for an Autonomous Surface Vehicle Using a Profiling Sonar. In: Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2011 IEEE International Conference on, Shanghai, China. 731–736.

Grinham, A., Udy, J., Dunbabin, M. 2009. An Autonomous Surface Vehicle for Water Quality Monitoring. In: Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation (ACRA), Sydney, Australia. 1–6.

Alves, J., Oliveira, P., Oliveira, R., Pascoal, A., Rufino, M., Sebastiao, L., Silvestre, C. 2006. Vehicle and Mission Control of the DELFIM Autonomous Surface Craft. In: 14th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, 2006. MED '06, Ancona, Italy. 1–6.

Pascoal, A., Oliveira, P., Silvestre, C., Sebastiao, L., Rufino, M., Barroso, V. et al. 2000. Robotic Ocean Vehicles for Marine Science Applications: The European ASIMOV Project. In: OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition, Providence, USA. 409–415.

Caccia, M., Bono, R., Bruzzone, G., Bruzzone, G., Spirandelli, E., Veruggio, G., Stortini, A. M., Capodaglio, G. 2005. Sampling Sea Surfaces with SESAMO: An Autonomous Craft for The Study of Sea-Air Interactions. J. Robotics & Automation Magazine, IEEE. 12(3): 95–105.

Naeem, W., Xu, T., Sutton, R., Chudley, J. 2006. Design of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle for Environmental Monitoring. In: World Maritime Technology Conference, London, United Kingdom, London, U.K. 1–6.

Naeem, W., Xu, T., Sutton, R., Tiano, A. 2008. The Design of a Navigation, Guidance and Control System for an Unmanned Surface Vehicle for Environmental Monitoring. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 2008. 222(2): 67–79.

Gongxing, W., Hanbin, S., Jin, Z., Lei, W. 2009. The Basic Motion Control Strategy for The Water-Jet-Propelled USV. In: International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, 2009. ICMA 2009, Changchun, China. 611–616.

Yaakob, O., Mohamed, Z., Hanafiah, M., Suprayogi, D., Ghani, M. A., F. A. Adnan, Mukti, M., Din, J.v 2012. Development of Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) for Sea Patrol and Environmental Monitoring. In: International Conference on Marine Technology Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. 1–6.

Sonnenburg, C. R., Woolsey, C. A. 2013. Modeling, Identification, and Control of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle. J. Field Robotics. 30(3): 371–398.

Wang, M. 2012. The Development of and Experiments on an Unmanned Surface Vehicle Platform for Water Sampling and Monitoring. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Master Thesis, Hong Kong.

Yulei, L., Lei, W., Jiayuan Z. 2010. Full State-Feedback Stabilization of an Underactuated Unmanned Surface Vehicle. In: Advanced Computer Control (ICACC), 2nd International Conference 2010. 4: 70–74.

Inboard Power Steering. Retrived on Dec 20, 2013 from http://www.seastarsolutions.com/products/hydraulic-new/inboard-power-steering.

Do, K. D., Pan, J., Jiang, Z. P. 2003. Robust Adaptive Control of Underactuated Ships on a Linear Course with Comfort. J. Ocean Engineering. 30(17): 2201–2225.

Moreira, L., Fossen, T. I., Guedes Soares, C. 2007. Path Following Control System for a Tanker Ship Model. J. Ocean Engineering. 34(14–15): 2074–2085.

Healey, A. J., Marco, D. B. 1992. Slow Speed Flight Control of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: Experimental Results with The NPS AUV II. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), San Francisco, California. 523–532.

Zhong-Ping, J., Nijmeijer, H. 1999. A Recursive Technique for Tracking Control of Nonholonomic Systems in Chained Form. J. Automatic Control, IEEE. 44(2): 265–279.

Fossen, T. I., Breivik, M., Skjetne, R. 2003. Line-of-Sight Path Following of Underactuated Marine Craft. In: Proceedings of the Sixth IFAC Conference on Maneuvering and Control of Marine Crafts (MCMC’2003), Girona, Spain. 244–249.

Pettersen, K. Y., Nijmeijer, H. 2001. Underactuated Ship Tracking Control: Theory and Experiments. Int. J. Control. 74(14): 1435–1446.

Godhavn, J. M., Fossen, T. I. 1998. Nonlinear and Adaptive Backstepping Designs for Tracking Control of Ships. Int. J. Adapt. Control Signal Process. 12(Special Issue on Marine Systems): 649–670.

Lauvdal, T., Fossen, T. I. 1998. Rudder Roll Stabilization of Ships Subject to Input Rate Saturations Using a Gain Scheduled Control Law. In: Proceedings of the IFAC Conference on Control Applications in Marine Systems (CAMS’98), Fukuoka, Japan. 27–30.

Fossen, T. I., Strand, J. P. 1999. A Tutorial on Nonlinear Backstepping: Applications to Ship Control. J. Model, Identification and Control. 20(2): 83–135.

Çimen, T., Banks, S. P. 2004. Nonlinear Optimal Tracking Control with Application to Super-Tankers for Autopilot Design. J. Automatica. 40(11): 1845–1863.

Li, Z., Sun, J., Oh, S. 2009. Design, Analysis and Experimental Validation of a Robust Nonlinear Path Following Controller for Marine Surface Vessels. J. Automatica. 45(7): 1649–1658.

Yang, Y., Bo, J. 2004. Robust Adaptive Fuzzy Control (RAFC) for Ship Steering with Uncertain Nonlinear Systems. In: Intelligent Control and Automation, 2004. WCICA 2004. Fifth World Congress on. 3: 2514–2518.

Yang, Y., Zhou, C., Ren, J. 2003. Model Reference Adaptive Robust Fuzzy Control for Ship Steering Autopilot with Uncertain Nonlinear Systems. Applied Soft Computing. 3(4): 305–316.

Fossen, T. I. 2005. A Nonlinear Unified State-Space Model for Ship Maneuvering and Control in A Seaway. J. Bifurcation and Chaos. 15(9): 2717–2746.

Pivano, L., Johansen, T. A., Smogeli, O. N., Fossen, T. I. 2007. Nonlinear Thrust Controller for Marine Propellers in Four-Quadrant Operations. In: American Control Conference, 2007. ACC '07. 900–905.

Berge, S. P., Ohtsu, K., Fossen, T. I. 1999. Nonlinear Control of Ships Minimizing the Position Tracking Errors. J. Model Identification and Control. 20(3): 177–187.

Fossen, T. I., Grovlen, A. 1998. Nonlinear Output Feedback Control of Dynamically Positioned Ships Using Vectorial Observer Backstepping. J. Control Systems Technology, IEEE. 6(1): 121–128.

Strand, J. P., Ezal, K., Fossen, T. I. 1998. Nonlinear Control of Ships: A Locally Optimal Design. In: Preprints of The IFAC NOLCOS’98, Enschede, Netherlands. 732–738.

Nassim, K., Nabil, G. C. 2013. A Self-Tuning Guidance and Control System for Marine Surface Vessels. J. Nonlinear Dynamics. 73(1–2): 897–906.

Fossen, T. I. 1994. Guidance and Control of Ocean Vehicles. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England.

Zoran, Vc, Bruno, Bc. 2001. Guidance and Control Systems for Marine Vehicles. in The Ocean Engineering Handbook, F. El-Hawary, Ed. 1st ed. Boca Raton CRC Press. 25–27.

Holzhẗer, T., Schultze, R. 1996. Operating Experience with a High-Precision Track Controller for Commercial Ships. Control Engineering Practice. 4(3): 343–350.

Minorsky, N. 1992. Directional Stability of Automatically Steered Bodies. J. American Society for Naval Engineers. 34(2): 280–309.

Van Amerongen, J. 1982. Adaptive Steering of Ships-A Model Reference Approach to Improved Maneuvering and Economical Course Keeping, Delft University of Technology, Ph.D. Thesis, Delft, Netherlands.

Hearn, G. E., Zhang, Y., Sen, P. 1997. Alternative Designs of Neural Network Based Autopilots: A Comparative Study. In: Proc. of 4th IFAC Conference on Maneuvering and Control of Marine Craft—MCMC ’97, New York, USA.

Kumar, V., Nakra, B.C., Mittal, A. P. 2011. A Review on Classical and Fuzzy PID Controllers. Int. J. Intelligent Control and Systems. 16(3): 170–181.

Park, J-H, Shim, H-W, Jun, B-H, Kim, S-M, Lee, P-M, Lim Y-K. 2010. A Model Estimation and Multi-Variable Control of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle with Two Fixed Thrusters. In: OCEANS 2010 IEEE Sydney. 1–5.

Juntong, Q., Yan, P., He, W., Jianda, H. 2007. Design and Implement of a Trimaran Unmanned Surface Vehicle System. In: International Conference on Information Acquisition, 2007. ICIA '07, Seogwipo, South Korea. 361–365.

Donald, E. K. 1998. Optimal Control Theory: An Introduction. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A

Sharma, S. K., Naeem, W., Sutton, R. 2012. An Autopilot Based on a Local Control Network Design for an Unmanned Surface Vehicle. J. Navigation. 65(2): 281–301.

Athans, M. 1971. The Role and Use of The Stochastic Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian Problem in Control System Design. J. Automatic Control, IEEE. 16(6): 529–552.

Siramdasu, Y., Fahimi, F. 2012. Incorporating Input Saturation for Underactuated Surface Vessel Trajectory Tracking Control. In: American Control Conference (ACC), 2012, Montreal, Canada. 6203–6208.

Sharma, S. K., Sutton, R., Motwani, A., Annamalai, A. 2013. Non-Linear Control Algorithms for an Unmanned Surface Vehicle. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M. Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 2008. 227(4): 1–10.

Annamalai, A., Motwani, A., Sutton, R., Yang, C., Sharma, S., Culverhouse, P. 2013. Integrated Navigation and Control System for an Uninhabited Surface Vehicle Based on Interval Kalman Filtering and Model Predictive Control. In: IET Conference on Control and Automation 2013. 1–6.

Astrom, K. J., Wittenmark, B. 1995. Adaptive Control. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.

Junfang, L., Tieshan, L., Zhongzhou, F., Renxiang, B., Qiang, L., Jiangqiang, H. 2011. Robust Adaptive Backstepping Design for Course-Keeping Control of Ship with Parameter Uncertainty and Input Saturation. In: International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition (SoCPaR), Dalian, China. 63–67.

Junsheng, R., Xianku, Z. 2013. Fuzzy-Approximator-Based Adaptive Controller Design for Ship Course-Keeping Steering in Strict-Feedback Forms. J. Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 6(16): 2907–2913.

Liao, Y-l, Wan, L., Zhuang, J-y. 2011. Backstepping Dynamical Sliding Mode Control Method for the Path Following of the Underactuated Surface Vessel. J. Procedia Engineering. 15(2011): 256–263.

Kokotovic, P. V. 1992. The Joy of Feedback: Nonlinear and Adaptive. J. Control Systems, IEEE. 12(3): 7–17.

Lozano, R., Brogliato, B. 1992. Adaptive Control of Robot Manipulators with Flexible Joints. J. Automatic Control, IEEE. 37(2): 174–181.

Khalil, H. K. 2002. Nonlinear Systems. 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey

Murali, K., Sundarasiva, R., Ramachandra, R. 2011. Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Gain Scheduling and Adaptive Autopilots for A Model Boat. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST). 3(2): 902–911.

Spooner, J. T., Maggiore, M., Ordonez, R., Passino, K. M. 2002. Stable Adaptive Control and Estimation for Nonlinear Systems: Neural and Fuzzy Approximation Techniques. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Malecki, J., Zak. B. 2012. Design a Fuzzy Trajectory Control for Ship at Low Speed. In: 12th WSEAS International Conference on Signal Processing, Computational Geometry and Artificial Vision (ISCGAV '12), Istanbul, Turkey. 119–123.

Kacprzyk, J. 1996. Multistage Fuzzy Control: A Model-Based Approach to Fuzzy Control and Decision Making. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Zhouhua, P., Dan, W., Zhiyong, C., Xiaojing, H., Weiyao, L. 2013. Adaptive Dynamic Surface Control for Formations of Autonomous Surface Vehicles With Uncertain Dynamics. J. Control Systems Technology, IEEE. 21(2): 513–520.

Peng, Z., Wang, D., Hu, X. 2011. Robust Adaptive Formation Control of Underactuated Autonomous Surface Vehicles with Uncertain Dynamics. J, Control Theory & Applications, IET. 5(12): 1378–1387.

Junsheng, R., Xianku, Z. 2013. Ship Course-Keeping Adaptive Fuzzy Controller Design Using Command Filtering with Minimal Parametrization. In: 25th Chinese Control and Decision Conference 2013 (CCDC) Guiyang, China. 243–247.

Mackenroth, U. 2004. Robust Control Systems: Theory and Case Studies. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, U.S.A

Jerzy, B. 2012. Design of Robust, Nonlinear Control System of the Ship Course Angle, in a Model Following Control (MFC) Structure Based on an Input-Output Linearization. J. Scientific Maritime University of Szczecin. 30(102): 25–29.

Shr, S. H., Jeng, Y. J. 2011. Robust Nonlinear Ship Course-Keeping Control Under The Influence of High Wind and Large Wave Disturbances. In: Control Conference (ASCC), 2011 8th Asian. 393–398.

Utkin, V. I. 1993. Sliding Mode Control Design Principles and Applications to Electric Drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 40(1): 23–36.

Wei, M., Chen, G., Yang, L. 2012. Nonlinear Sliding Mode Formation Control for Underactuated Surface Vessels. In: 10th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA), 2012 Beijing, China. 1655–1660.

Ashrafiuon, H., Muske, K. R., McNinch, L. C., Soltan, R. A. 2008. Sliding-Mode Tracking Control of Surface Vessels. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 55(11): 4004–4012.

Piotr, S. 2013. Course Control of Unmanned Surface Vehicle. Solid State Phenomena. 196(2013): 117–123.

Pettersen, K. Y., Fossen, T. I. 2000. Underactuated Dynamic Positioning of a Ship-Experimental Results. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 8(5): 856–863.

Downloads

Published

2015-05-27

How to Cite

Review of Course Keeping Control System for Unmanned Surface Vehicle. (2015). Jurnal Teknologi, 74(5). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v74.4635