MODIFICATION OF RBD PALM KERNEL AND RBD PALM STEARIN OIL WITH ZDDP ADDITIVE ADDITION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v74.4842Keywords:
Alternative lubricants, AW/EP additive, ZDDP, pin-on-disc, tribological propertiesAbstract
Vegetable oils have gained worldwide concern due to environmental issues since it is biodegradable, renewable and environmental-friendly. However, the limitations of vegetable oils such as having low oxidation stability and poor low temperature properties need to be solved. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the tribological behavior of refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm kernel and RBD palm stearin by using a modified pin-on-disc tester. The influence of an anti-wear/extreme pressure (AW/EP) additive on the anti-friction and anti-wear characteristics was also evaluated. The experiment was carried out by varying zinc-dialkyl-dithiophosphate (ZDDP) additive concentration of 1wt%, 3wt% and 5wt%; load of 1kg, sliding speed of 2.5 m/s, test duration of 60 minutes and at room temperature. The findings have revealed that without an additive, RBD palm kernel and RBD palm stearin have high friction coefficient and wear as compared with synthetic oils. The addition of additives helps in the improvement of tribological performance of tested vegetable oils. It can be concluded that vegetable oils have a great potential to be used as a petroleum-based substitute.
References
L. A. Quinchia, M. A. Delgado, T. Reddyhoff, C. Gallegos, H. A. Spikes. 2014. Tribological Studies of Potential Vegetable Oil-based Lubricants Containing Environmentally Friendly Viscosity Modifiers. Tribology International. 69 110-117.
P. Baumgart, G. Canzi, T. Hanashiro, L. A. Doezema, M. T. Siniawski. 2010. Influence of Fatty Acid Additives on the Tribological Performance of Sunflower Oil. Lubrication Science. 22: 393-403.
A. Imran, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam et al. 2013. Study of Friction and Wear Characteristic of Jatropha Oil Blended Lube Oil. Procedia Engineering. 68: 178-185.
B. K. Sharma, Umer Rashid, Farooq Anwar, S. Z. Erhan. 2009. Lubricant Properties of Moringa Oil Using Thermal and Tribological Techniques. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 96: 999-1008.
Y. M. Shashidhara & S. R. Jayaram. 2012. Tribological Studies on AISI 1040 with Raw and Modified Versions of Pongam and Jatropha Oils as Lubricants. Advances in Tribology. 2012: 1-6.
M. Shahabuddin, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, M. M. K. Bhuiya, H. Mehat. 2013. Comparative Tribological Investigation of Bio-Lubricant Formulated from a Non-Edible Oil Source (Jatropha Oil). Industrial Crops and Products. 47: 323-330.
M. A. Kabir, C. F. Higgs, M. R. Lovell. 2008. A pin-on-disk Experimental Study on a Green Particulate-Fluid Lubricant. Journal of Tribology. 130(4): 1-6.
Manu Varghese Thottackkad, Rajendrakumar Krishnan Perikinalil & Prabhakaran Nair Kumarapillai. 2012. Experimental Evaluation on the Tribological Properties of Coconut Oil by the Addition of CuO Nanoparticles. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing. 13(1): 111-116.
S. Z. Erhan & S. Asadauskas. 2000. Lubricant Basestocks from Vegetable Oils. Industrial Crops and Products. 11: 277-282.
N. J. Fox, G. W. Stachowiak. 2007. Vegetable oil-based Lubricants–A Review of Oxidation. Tribology International. 40: 1035-1046.
N. J. Fox, B. Tyrer, G. W. Stachowiak. 2004. Boundary Lubrication Performance of Free Fatty Acids in Sunflower Oil. Tribology Letters. 16(4): 275-281.
S. Arumugam G. Sriram. 2012. Synthesis and Characterisation of Rapeseed Oil Bio-lubricant–Its Effect on Wear and Frictional Behavior of Piston Ring-Cylinder Liner Combination. Journal of Engineering Tribology. 227(1) 3-15.
S. Arumugam G. Sriram. 2013. Preliminary Study of Nano- and Microscale Tio2 Additives oOn Tribological Behavior of Chemically Modified Rapeseed Oil. Tribology Transactions. 56: 797-805.
Chuanli Zhao, Yang Jiao, Yong Kang Chen, Guogang Ren. 2014. The Tribological Properties of Zinc Borate Ultrafine Powder as a Lubricant Additive in Sunflower Oil. Tribology Transactions. 57: 425-434.
M. A. Maleque, H. H. Masjuki, A. S. M. A. Haseeb. 2000. Effect of Mechanical Factors on Tribological Properties of Palm Oil Methyl Ester Blended Lubricant. Wear. 239: 117-125.
R. A. Ibrahim, W. Y. Ali. 2010. Tribological Performance of Polyester Composites Filled by Vegetable Oils. Materials Science & Engineering Technology. 41(5): 287-292.
D. Mahipal, P. Krishnanunni, P. Mohammed Rafeekh, N. H. Jayadas. 2014. Analysis of Lubrication Properties of Zinc-Dialkyl-Dithio-Phosphate (ZDDP) Additive on Karanja Oil (Pongamia Pinnatta) as a Green Lubricant. International Journal of Engineering Research. 3(8): 494-496.
A. Imran, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam et al. 2013. Study of Friction and Wear Characteristic of Jatropha Oil Blended Lube Oil. Procedia Engineering. 68: 178-185.
T. C. Ing, A. K. Mohammed Rafiq, Y. Azli, S. Syahrullail. 2012. The Effect of Temperature on the Tribological Behavior of RBD Palm Stearin. Tribology Transactions. 55: 539-548.
Hayrettin Duzcukoglu, Omer Sinan Sahin. 2011. Investigation of Wear Performance of Canola Oil Containing Boric Acid Under Boundary Friction Condition. Tribology Transactions. 54: 57-61.
Weiqiang Zhan, Yuping Song, Tianhui Ren, Weimin Liu. 2004. The Tribological Behaviour of Some Triazine–Dithiocarbamate Derivatives as Additives in Vegetable Oil. Wear. 256: 268-274.
R. Chattopadhyay. 2001. Surface Wear: Analysis, Treatment, and Prevention. ASTM International, United States of America. 30-31.
S. M. Shanta, G. J. Molina, V. Soloiu. 2011. Tribological Effects of Mineral Oil Lubricant Contamination with Bio-Fuels: A Pin-on-Disk Tribometry and Wear Study. Advances in Tribology.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
