HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION IN RIVER AND PUMPING WELL WATER FOR RIVER BANK FILTRATION (RBF) SYSTEM: CASE STUDY IN SUNGAI KERIAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v74.4861Keywords:
Heavy metals, river water, pumping well water, river bank filtration, ICP-OESAbstract
Riverbank filtration (RBF) provides an alternative to extract raw water by removing pollutants such as suspended solids, organic carbon, and pathogenic bacteria/microbes in the water. However, the main issue with this system is the occurrence of high concentrations of arsenic (As), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in the production well. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the presence of heavy metals in river water and pumping well water for an RBF system. Water samples were collected from Sungai Kerian (Kerian River) and a pumping well during a three-day pumping test. The heavy metal concentration in both samples was analyzed for 21 elements using ICP-OES. A total of 12 elements were detected in the water samples from either the river or the pumping well. Among the detected elements, As and Fe had concentrations that exceeded the standard values set by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Results also suggested that the Fe concentration in the pumping well water was higher than that in the river water. Conversely, As was more frequently detected in the river water than in the pumping well water. These results imply that the As concentration in the river water was derived from external sources, while the presence of As and Fe in the pumping well water was influenced by geochemical and hydrochemical processes in the aquifer.Â
References
Grünheid, S., G. Amy, and M. Jekel. 2005. Removal of Bulk Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and Trace Organic Compounds by Bank Filtration and Artificial Recharge. Water research. 39(14): 3219-3228.
Farnsworth, C. E. and J. G. Hering. 2011. Inorganic Geochemistry and Redox Dynamics in Bank Filtration Settings. Environmental Science & Technology. 45(12): 5079-5087.Inc.
Lee J. H, S. Y. Hamm, J. Y. Cheong, H. S. Kim, E. J. Ko, K. S. Lee, S. I. Lee. 2009. Characterizing Riverbank-Filtered Water and River Water Qualities at a Site in the Lower Nakdong River Basin, Republic of Korea. Journal of Hydrology. 376(1): 209-220.
Jaramillo, Marcela. 2012. Riverbank filtration: An Efficient and Economical Drinking-Water Treatment Technology. Dyna. 171: 148-157.
Van Halem, D., S. Olivero, W. W. J. M de Vet, J. Q. J. C. Verberk, G. L. Amy and J. C van Dijk. 2010. Subsurface Iron and Arsenic Removal for Shallow Tube Well Drinking Water Supply in Rural Bangladesh. Water Research. 44(19): 5761-5769.
Colter, A., and R. L Mahler. 2006. Iron in Drinking Water. Moscow: University of Idaho.
Chanpiwat, P., S. Sthiannopkao, K. H. Cho, K. W Kim, V. San, B. Suvanthong, and C. Vongthavady. 2011. Contamination by Arsenic and other Trace Elements of Tube-Well Water along the Mekong River in Lao PDR. Environmental Pollution. 159(2): 567-576.
Buschmann, J., M. Berg, C. Stengel, and M. L. Sampson. 2007. Arsenic and Manganese Contamination of Drinking Water Resources in Cambodia: Coincidence of Risk Areas with Low Relief Topography. Environmental Science & Technology. 41(7): 2146-2152.
Hiscock, K. M., and T. Grischek. 2002. Attenuation of Groundwater Pollution by Bank Filtration. Journal of Hydrology. 266(3): 139-144.
Axe, L., and P. Trivedi. 2002. Intraparticle Surface Diffusion of Metal Contaminants and their Attenuation in Microporous Amorphous Al, Fe, and Mn oxides. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 247(2): 259-265.
Lee, G., J. M. Bigham, and G. Faure. 2002. Removal of Trace Metals by Co-precipitation with Fe, Al and Mn from Natural Waters Contaminated with Acid Mine Drainage in the Ducktown Mining District, Tennessee. Applied Geochemistry. 17(5): 569-581.
Rawi, M., Salmah, C., Z. S, A., and Ahmad, A. H. 2001. Preliminary Distribution of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) in Kerian River Basin, Perak, Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agriculture Science. 24(2): 101 -107
Ray C., G. Melin, and R. B. Linsky. 2003. Riverbank filtration: Improving Source-Water Quality. Soils in Malaysia for Production of Plantation Crops. Principles, Application and Assessment in Soil Science. Springer. 43: 75-86.
APHA. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st Edn. Washington. American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.
Shamshuddin, J., and N. W Daud. 2011. Classification and Management of Highly Weathered soils in Malaysia for Production of Plantation Crops. Principles, Application and Assessment in Soil Science. 75-86.
Zheng, Y., M. Stute, A. Van Geen, I. Gavrieli, R. Dhar,H. J. Simpson, and K. M. Ahmed. 2004. Redox Control of Arsenic Mobilization in Bangladesh Groundwater. Applied Geochemistry. 19(2): 201-214.
Lim, W. Y., A. Z. Aris, and T. H. Tengku Ismail. 2013. Spatial Geochemical Distribution and Sources of Heavy Metals in the Sediment of Langat River, Western Peninsular Malaysia. Environmental Forensics. 14(2): 133-145.
Shamshuddin, J., and E. Tessens. 1983. Some T2 Terrace Soils of Peninsular Malaysia. I. Micromorphology, Genesis and Classification. Pertanika. 6(3): 61-89.
Zulkifli, S. Z., F. Mohamat-Yusuff, T. Arai, A. Ismail, and N. Miyazaki. 2010. An assessment of Selected Trace Elements in Intertidal Surface Sediments Collected from the Peninsular Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 169(1-4): 457-472.
Information on http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/#Primary. US Environment Protection Agency (EPA).Online on 10 January 2015.
Buschmann, J., M. Berg, C. Stengel, L. Winkel, M. L Sampson, P. T. K. Trang, and P. H. Viet. 2008. Contamination of Drinking Water Resources in the Mekong Delta Floodplains: Arsenic and Other Trace Metals Pose Serious Health Risks to Population. Environment International. 34(6): 756-764.
Postawa, A., and C. Hayes. 2013. Best Practice Guide on the Control of Iron and Manganese in Water Supply. IWA Publishing.
Andriano, D. C. 2001. Trace elements in Terrestrial Environments: Biochemistry, Bioavailability, and Riska of Metals. Second ed. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
