THE PRESENCE OF ICAAD GENES IN COMMENSALS OF COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AND EVALUATION OF PHENOTYPIC BIOFILM FORMATION BY CRA AND CRAVC METHODS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.9000Keywords:
Fibrinolytic enzyme, endophytic fungi, Lignosus rhinocerosAbstract
A total of 28 commensals of coagulase negative Staphylococcus or CoNS strains were successfully isolated from healthy volunteers. Amplification of the icaAD genes showed that 21% of these isolates harbour these genes which involve in biofilm formation. The ability of these strains to form biofilm was further evaluated phenotypically using both Congo Red Agar (CRA) and a modified Congo Red Agar with vancomycin or CRAvc. Only 32% of the isolates were biofilm positive on CRA as compared to inoculation on CRAvc which displayed a higher number of biofilm producer at 92.8%. However, analysis on the correlation between icaAD genes and the biofilm formation revealed that on CRA, 14.3% of the strains were biofilm tve-ica tve and 17.9% were biofilm tve-ica–ve while on CRAvc, 21.4% were biofilm tve-ica tve and a higher number of strains at 71.4% were biofilm tve-ica–ve. This indicates that growth on CRA gives a more accurate insight on the ability of the strains to produce biofilm although the possibility of the strains forming biofilm by a different mechanism than the icaAD genes cannot be ruled out. Two strong biofilm forming isolates namely C6 and C15 were further subjected for identification via the sodA gene and were found to be S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis respectively.
References
Kloos, W. E. 1980. Natural Populations of The Genus Staphylococcus. Annu Rev Microbiol. 34: 559-92.
Piette, A. and G. Verschraegen. 2009. Role of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Human Disease. Vet Microbiol. 134(1-2): 45-54.
Wisplinghoff, H., et al. 2004. Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in US Hospitals: Analysis of 24,179 Cases from a Prospective Nationwide Surveillance Study. Clin Infect Dis. 39(3): 309-17.
Henderson, K. L., et al. 2010. The Changing Aetiology of Paediatric Bacteraemia in England and Wales, 1998-2007. J Med Microbiol. 59(Pt 2): 213-9.
Karunakaran, R., et al. 2007. Etiology of Blood Culture Isolates Among Patients in a Multidisciplinary Teaching Hospital in Kuala Lumpur. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 40(5): 432-7.
Mack, D., et al. 2006. Biofilm Formation in Medical Device-Related Infection. Int J Artif Organs. 29(4):343-59.
Heilmann, C., et al. 1996. Molecular Basis of Intercellular Adhesion in The Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus Epidermidis. Mol Microbiol. 20(5): 1083-91.
Rohde, H., et al. 2007. Polysaccharide Intercellular Adhesin or Protein Factors in Biofilm Accumulation of Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Prosthetic Hip and Knee Joint Infections. Biomaterials. 28(9): 1711-1720.
Gerke, C., et al. 1998. Characterization of Then-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase Activity Involved in the Biosynthesis of the Staphylococcus Epidermidispolysaccharide Intercellular Adhesin. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273(29): 18586-18593.
Stepanovic, S., et al. 2000. A Modified Microtiter-Plate Test for Quantification of Staphylococcal Biofilm Formation. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 40(2): 175-179.
Jain, A. and A. Agarwal. 2009. Biofilm Production, A Marker of Pathogenic Potential of Colonizing and Commensal Staphylococci. J Microbiol Methods. 76(1): 88-92.
Kaiser T. D. et al. 2013. Modification of The Congo Red Agar Method to Detect Biofilm Production by S. epidermidis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 75(3): 235-9.
De Silva, G. D., et al. 2002. The Ica Operon and Biofilm Production in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Associated with Carriage and Disease in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. J Clin Microbiol. 40(2): 382-8.
Poyart, C., et al. 2001. Rapid and Accurate Species-Level Identification of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci by using the sodA Gene as A Target. J Clin Microbiol. 39(12): 4296-301.
Zhang, Y. Q., et al. 2003. Genome-Based Analysis of Virulence Genes in A Non-Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus Epidermidis Strain (ATCC 12228). Mol Microbiol. 49(6):1577-93.
Li, H., et al. 2005. Conversion of Staphylococcus Epidermidis Strains from Commensal to Invasive by Expression of The Ica Locus Encoding Production of Biofilm Exopolysaccharide. Infect Immun. 73(5): 3188-91.
Raad, I., A. Alrahwan, and K. Rolston. 1998. Staphylococcus Epidermidis: Emerging Resistance and Need For Alternative Agents. Clin Infect Dis. 26(5): 1182-7.
Agarwal, G., et al. 2005. Characterization of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Chronically Infected Children with Cystic Fibrosis in India. BMC Microbiol. 5: 43.
Chokr, A., et al. 2006. Correlation Between Biofilm Formation and Production of Polysaccharide Intercellular Adhesin in Clinical Isolates of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Int J Med Microbiol. 296(6): 381-8.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
