GEOLOGICAL STUDY AND MINING PLAN IMPORTANCE FOR MITIGATING ALKALI SILICA REACTION IN AGGREGATE QUARRY OPERATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.9486Keywords:
Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR), deformed granite, bar mortar test, petrographic analysis, geological study, mine planAbstract
More than 80 million tonnes of construction aggregate are produced in Peninsular Malaysia. Majority of construction aggregate are produced from granite. Developing regions of Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Selangar utilize granite aggregates. Normally it is considered aggregates as non-alkali reactive. Geological study can identify various rock types, geological structures, and reactive minerals which contribute to Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR). Deformed granites formed through faulting results in reduction of quartz grain size. Microcrystalline quartz and phyllosilicates are found in granites in contact with country rocks. Secondary reactive minerals such as chalcedony and opal may be found in granite. Alkali Silica reaction is slow chemical reaction in concrete due to reactive silica minerals in aggregates, alkalis in cement and moisture. For long term durable concrete, it is essential to identify potential alkali silica reactive aggregates. Lack of identifying reactive aggregates may result spalling, cracking in concrete and ultimately ASR can result in hazard to concrete structure. This paper deals with geological study of any aggregate quarry to identify rock type and geological structures with laboratory test –petrographic analysis and bar mortar test can identify type of aggregates being produced. Mine plan with Surpac software can be developed for systematic working for aggregate quarry to meet construction aggregate demand.References
Chow, W. S., & Sahat, A. M. 1990. Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity Of Tuffaceous Rocks In The Pengerang Area, Johor. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia. 26: 97-108.
Beng, Y. E. 1992. The Mineralogical And Petrological Factors in Alkali Silica Reactions in Concrete. Soc. Malaysia. Bulletin 31(July): 1-20
Yaacob, S., Beng, Y. E., & Abdul, H.1994. Potential Alkali-Siliica Reaction In Some Malaysian Rock Aggregates And Their Test Results. www.gsm.org.my/products/702001-100996
Fatt, N. T., JohN, K., & GhANi, A. A. 2013. Potential Alkali-Reactivity of Granite Aggregates in the Bukit Lagong Area, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana. 42(6): 773-781.
Fatt, N. T., & Beng, Y. E. 2007. Potential Alkali-Silica Reaction In Aggregate Of Deformed Granite. Geol Soc Malays. 53: 81-88.
Ismail, M. S..2009. An Overview of the Rock Aggregate Industry in Malaysia. Paper presented at the 2nd Construction Industry Research Achievement International Conference (CIRAIC 2009), Kuala Lumpur.
King, N. S., & Mahamud, K. M. 2009. Bridge Problems In Malaysia. In Seminar in Bridge Maintenance and Rehabilitation. Kuala Lumpur.
Stanton, D. E. 1940. The expansion of Concrete Through Reaction Mbetween Cement And Aggregate. Proc. American Soc. Civil Engineers. 66: 1781.
Stanton, T.E., Porter, O.J., Meder, L.C. and Nicol, A., 1942. Californian Experience With The Expansion Of Concrete Through Reaction Between Cement And Aggregate. American Concrete Institute Proceedings. 30: 209.
Gillott, J.E. 1975. Alkali-aggregate Reactions in Concrete. Engineering Geol. 9: 303-326.
Hobbs, D.W. 1990. Alkali-silica Reaction. In: Pike, D.C. (ed), Standards for Aggregates. Ellis Horwood, New York: 91-108.
Figg J., 1983. An Attempt to Provide an Explanation for Engineers of the Expansive Reaction between Alkalis and Siliceous Aggregates in Concrete. 6th Int. Conf. Alkalis in Concrete Copenhagen.
Helmuth R., Stark D. 1992. Alkali-Silica Reactivity Mechanisms. in Materials Science of Concrete III, J. Skalny cd., ACS.
Chatterji, S. 1979. The Role Of Ca (Oh) 2 In The Breakdown Of Portland Cement Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction. Cement and Concrete Research. 9(2): 185-188.
Diamond S., Nishibhayashi S., Kawamura M., 1989. ASR- Another Look At Mechanisms, Proc. 8thIntenrational Conf. on Alkali Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Kyoto: 83-94.
Hobbs, D. W. 2002. Alkali-silica Reaction In Concrete. Structure and Performance of Cements. Bensted J, Barnes P (eds) Spon Press, London: 265-281.
Thomas M.D.A, 1998. The Role Of Calcium In Alkali Silica Reaction, in M. Cohen, S Mindess, J.P. Skalny (Eds.,), Materials Science of concrete – The Sidney Diamond Symposium, American Ceramic Society, Wsterville, OH: 325-331.
Bleszynski R. F., Thomas M. D. A., 1998. Microstructural Studies Of Alkali-Silica Reaction In Fly Ash Concrete Immersed In Alkaline Solutions, Adv. Cem Based Mater. 7(2): 66-78.
Gaboriaud F., Chaumont D., Nonat A., Hanquet B., Craivich A., 1998. Study Of The Influence Of Alkaline Ions (Li, Na And K) On The The Structure Of The Silicate Entities In Silico Alkaline Sol And On The Formation of the Silico-Calco-Alkaline Gel. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol.13: 353-358.
Rajabipour, F., Giannini, E., Dunant, C., Ideker, J. H., & Thomas, M. D. 2015. Alkali–silica Reaction: Current Understanding Of The Reaction Mechanisms And The Knowledge Gaps. Cement and Concrete Research. 76: 130-146.
Hench, L. L., & Clark, D. E. 1978. Physical Chemistry Of Glass Surfaces. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 28(1), 83-10.
Hobbs, D. W. 1988. Alkali-silica Reaction In Concrete, Thomas Telford, London.
Idorn G.M., Johansen V., Thailow N., 1992. Assessment of Causes Of Cracking In Concrete. Materials Science in Concrete III, Amer. Ceramic Soc., New Yorks,
Raja M., Jain S.K., Vijh G.K., Gupta S.L., 2014. Ratnam Murari Test Methods for Identifying The Susceptibility of Aggregate Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) – An Overview. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 4(8).
Buck A.D., 1983. Alkali Reactivity of Strained Quartz as a Constituent of Concrete Aggregate. Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, CCAGDP. 5(2): 131-133.
Swamy R.N. 1992. Introduction To Alkali–Aggregate Reaction In Concrete, in: (Ed.), The Alkali Silica Reaction in Concrete, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Olafsson H., 1986. The Effect Of Relative Humidity And Temperature On Alkali Expansion Of Mortar Bars, 7th ICAAR, Intenrnational Conference on Alkali Aggregate Reactions, Ottawa: 461-465.
Kurihara T., Katawaki. 1986. Effects of Moisture Control And Inhibition On Alkali Silica Reaction. 8th ICAAR, International Conference on Alkali Aggregate Reactions, Ottawa: 461-465.
Stark, D. 1991. Handbook for the identification of Alkali- Silica Reactivity in Highway Structures, SHRP-C/FR-91-101, Strategic Highway Research Program, Washington, D.C., 1991a. Also PCA Publication LT 165.
Stark, D.1991. The moisture Condition of Field Concrete Exhibiting Alkali-Silica Reactivity. CANMER/ACI Second International Conference on Durability of Concrete, SP-126, American Concrete Institute, Famington Hills, Michigan: 973-987.
Xu, H., 1987. On the Alkali Content of Cement in AAR. in Concrete Alkali –Aggregate Reactions, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference, edited by Granttan- Bellew, Patrick E., Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey,: 451-455.
Diamond S., Nishibhayashi S., Kawamura M., 1989. ASR- Another Look At Mechanisms. Proc. 8thIntenrational Conf. on Alkali Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Kyoto: 83-94.
Ideker J.H., Drimalasa T., Bentivervegna A.F., Folliard K.J., Fournier b., Thomas M.D.A, Hooton R.D., Rogers C.A., 2012. The Importance Of Outdoor Exposure Site Testing, 14th ICAAR, International Conference on Alkali Aggregate Reactions, Texas, Austin,
Berube M.A., Dorion J.F., 2000. Laboratory and Field Investigations Of The Influence Of Sodium Chloride On Alkali-Silica Reactivity, in Berube M.A., Fourinter B., Durand B.(Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Quebec City: 149-158.
Giebson C., Seyfarth K., Stark J., 2010. Influence of Acetate And Formate-Based Deicers On Asr In Airfield Concrete Pavements. Cem. Concr. Res. 40: 537-545.
Sibson, R. H. 1977. Fault Rocks And Fault Mechanisms. Journal of the Geological Society. 133(3): 191-213.
Gogte, B.S., 1973. An Evaluation Of Some Common Indian Rocks With Special Reference To Alkali Aggregate Reactions. Engineering Geol. 7: 135-153.
Kerrick D.M. and Hooton, R.D. 1992. ASR of Concrete Aggregate Quarried From A Fault Zone: Results And Petrographic Interpretation Of Accelerated Mortar Bar Tests. Cement and Concrete Res. 22: 949-960.
Wigum, B.J., 1995. Examination of Microstructural Features of Norwegian Cataclasitic Rocks And Their Use For Predicting Alkali Reactivity In Concrete. Engineering Geol. 40: 195-214.
Hutchison, C. S. 1977. Granite Emplacement And Tectonic Subdivision of Peninsular Malaysia. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia. 9: 187-207.
Ghani A A. 2001. Some Problems With The Classification Of The 'S' Type Granite With Particular Reference to the Western Belt Granite of Peninsular Malaysia. Geological Society of Malaysia Annual Geological Conference.
Ghani, A. A., Searle, M., Robb, L., & Chung, S. L. 2013. Transitional IS Type Characteristic in the Main Range Granite, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 76: 225-240.
Khoo, T. T., & Tan, B. K. 1983. Geological Evolution Of Peninsular Malaysia. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Stratigraphic Correlation of Thailand and Malaysia. 1: 253-290.
DGMM. 2008. Fault Distribution In Peninsular Malaysia. Department Geoscience and Mineral Malaysia.
Ng, T. F. 1994. Microstructures of the Deformed Granites Of Eastern Kuala Lumpur implications for mechanisms and temperatures of deformation. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia. 35: 47-59.
Fatt N T. 2011. Effects Of Fault Deformation On The Quality Of Granite Aggregates, National Geoscience Conference.
Sum, C. W., & Sahat, A. M. Potential alkali-silica reactivity of tuffaceous rocks in the Pengerang Area, Johor. Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Bulletin 26, April 1990: 97–108.
Fatt, N. T., & Beng, Y. E. 2007. Potential alkali-silica Reaction In Aggregate Of Deformed Granite. Geol Soc Malays. 53: 81-88.
Fatt, Ng Tham, K. JohN, and AzMAN A. GhANi. 2013. Potential Alkali-Reactivity of Granite Aggregates in the Bukit Lagong Area, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 42, no. 6: 773-781.
Choy, N. 2009. Potential Alkali Silica Reaction in Granite Aggregate. Project Report UTM, Malaysia.
Ng, T. F. 2010. Microstructural Characteristics Of Some Alkali Aggregate Reactive Granites of Peninsular Malaysia. National Geoscience Conference 2010. 11-12 Jun 2010, Shah Alam. Geological Society of Malaysia Warta Geologi. 36: 119-120.
Bhatawdekar R. M., Edy T. M., Danial J. A. 2016. Potential Alkali Silica Reactivity of Various Rock Types In A Granite Quarry. Measurement. Journal of Science and Technology. March 2016: 221-231.
http://www.aggregate.com/about-us/planning.
http://ibm.nic.in/index.php?c=pages&m=index&id=218
Moon, C. J., Whateley, M. K., & Evans, A. M. 2006. Introduction to Mineral Exploration (No. Ed. 2). Blackwell Publishing.
Simon, N., Ghani, M. F. A., Hussin, A., Goh, T. L., Rafek, A. G. M., Surip, N.,. & Lee, K. E. 2015. Assessment of Rockfall Potential Of Limestone Hills in the Kinta Valley. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management. 10(2): 24-34.
Hack, D. R. 2002. Comparison of Commercial Mine Planning Packages Available To The Aggregate Industry. In International Symposium on Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry, 30th, Phoenix, Ariz., 2002, Proceedings: Littleton, Colo., Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration: 311-319.
Guangping, D. W. C. 2006. Establishment of Digitization Metal Mines by Surpac Software [J]. Express Information of Mining Industry, 3: 003.
Liang, F. C. C. 2008. Open Pit 3D Production Scheduling System Based on Surpac Software [J]. Metal Mine, 12: 045
Ismail, S., Hoe, K. W., & Ramli, M. 2013. Sustainable Aggregates: The Potential and Challenge for Natural Resources Conservation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 101: 100-109.
Pereira, J. J. 2007. Mineral Security Through Landuse Planning–Case Study Of Rock Aggregates in Eastern Selangor. Bull Geol Soc Malaysia. 53: 89-93.
Muthusamy, K., & Kamaruzaman, N. W. 2012. Assessment of Malaysian Laterite Aggregate In Concrete. International Journal Of Civil And Environmental Engineering. 12(4): 83-86.
Poulin, R., Pakalnis, R. C., & Sinding, K. 1994. Aggregate Resources: Production And Environmental Constraints. Environmental Geology. 23(3): 221-227.
Mahmud, H. 2010. Mix Design And Mechanical Properties Of Oil Palm Shell Lightweight Aggregate Concrete: A Review. International Journal Of The Physical Sciences. 5(14): 2127-2134.
Mannan, M. A., & Ganapathy, C. 2004. Concrete from an Agricultural Waste-Oil Palm Shell (OPS). Building and Environment. 39(4): 441-448.
Zaidi, A. M. A. 2009. Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Modern Applied Science. 3(10): 47.
Rajabipour, F., Giannini, E., Dunant, C., Ideker, J. H., & Thomas, M. D. 2015. Alkali–silica Reaction: Current Understanding Of The Reaction Mechanisms And The Knowledge Gaps. Cement and Concrete Research. 76: 130-146.
ASTM C227-10. 2010. Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM C289-07. 2007. Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Aggregates (Chemical Method) (Withdrawn 2016). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM C295 — 03. 2003. Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete, American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM International West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM C1260-14. 2014. Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates (Accelerated Mortar Bar Method). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM C1293 - 08b. 2015. Standard Test Method for Determination of Length Change of Concrete due to Alkali-Silica Reaction (Prism Mortar Test). ASTM International.
I. Sims, P. Nixon. 2003. RILEM AAR-I Petro Graphic Examination For Aggregates With Grain And Point Counting To Identify Potential Reactive Aggregates. - Materials and Structures, Springer. 36: 480-496.
Grattan-Bellew, P. E. 1983. Evaluation of Test Methods For Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity. National Research Council Canada: 303-314.
Shayan A., 1989. Experiments with Accelerated Tests For Predicting Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference, Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, Kyoto, Japan. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York. 321-326.
Sorrentina D., Ranc R. and Cariou B., 1989. Methodology of an Industrial Research Laboratory To Assess The Reactivity Of Aggregates. Focus on Reproducibility Problems. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference, Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, Kyoto, Japan, 1989: 307-312.
Wigum, B.J., Hagelia, P., Haugen, M., Broekmans, M.A.T.M. 2000. Alkali Aggregate Reactivity Of Norwegian Aggregates Assessed By Quantitative Petrographyâ€, In: Bérubé, M.A., Fournier, B., Durand, B. (Editors), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete. Québec: 533-542.
Latifee E.R., Akther S. Hasnat K. 2015. A Critical Review Of The Test Methods For Evaluating the ASR Potential of Aggregates. Proceedings of 10th Global Engineering, Science and Technology Conference, 2-3 January, 2015, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh, ISBN: 978-1-922069-69-6
Oberholster, R. E., & Davies, G. 1986. An Accelerated Method For Testing The Potential Alkali Reactivity Of
Siliceous Aggregates. Cement and Concrete Research. 16(2): 181-189.
Berra, M., Costa, U., Mangialardi, T., & Paolini, A. E. 2015. Application of an Innovative Methodology To Assessing The Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete. Materials and Structures. 48: 2727-2750. [81] Thomas, M. D., & Innis, F. A. 1999. Use of the Accelerated Mortar Bar Test For Evaluating The Efficacy of Mineral Admixtures For Controlling Expansion Due To Alkali-Silica Reaction. Cement Concrete and Aggregates. 21(2): 157-164. [82] Technical Report on Mine Planning of an Aggregate Quarry. 2013.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
