CARBONATION PERFORMANCE OF KAOLIN TREATED WITH GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v35.20408Keywords:
Kaolin Clay, Carbon Dioxide, Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), Durability (Wetting and Drying) testAbstract
This study is prompted by the fact that currently available information, regarding carbon dioxide (CO2) and ground improvement, is rather limited, as the emphasis in this area, is mainly directed at health and environmental issues. This includes efforts to counter climate change, by reducing the level of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Nonetheless, several geotechnical researchers have delved into CO2 sequestration, through magnesium-rich materials. Among such materials is ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). This waste material, which contains between 5% to 9% magnesium, and roughly 35% calcium, appears to be a favourable option for CO2 sequestration. The purpose of this study, is to determine the appropriate optimal amount of GGBS (based on the strength value recommended by the Public Works Department), and its effect in terms of durability, for the treatment of kaolin clay, under ambient and carbonated conditions, with a 24-hour carbonation period, subjected to a CO2 pressure of 200 kPa. Compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and durability (wetting and drying) tests were performed, with various GGBS contents (5%, 15% and 25%), and curing periods (7, 14, 28 and 60 days). The test results indicate an increase in strength of almost 20 times, for kaolin clay treated with 25% GGBS, with a curing period of 60 days (ambient condition). An additional 22.86% increase in strength was registered, for carbonated conditions. The wetting and drying test, also demonstrated that GGBS-treated kaolin was improved in terms of durability, while retaining its strength under wet and dry conditions. Thus, it can be concluded that with an appropriate amount and curing period, GGBS has the potential to stabilize kaolin clay, and contribute towards the realisation of a more sustainable environment, by curbing the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere.
References
Azhar, A.T.S., Fazlina, M.I.S., Nizam, Z.M., Fairus, Y.M., Hakimi, M.N.A., Riduan, Y. and Faizal, P. (2017). Shear Strength of Stabilized Kaolin Soil Using Liquid Polymer. In International Research and Innovation Summit. 226–232
Bargonza, S., Peete, J., Freer-Hewish, R. and Newill, D. 1916. Carbonation Of Stabilised Soil-Cement And Soil-Lime Mixtures. In Proc of Seminar H, MTC Transport and Planning, Summer Annual Meeting, University of Bath,. London: P-TRC Education and Research Services, 29–48.
Bertos, M.F., Simons, S.J.R., Hills, C.D. and Carey, P.J. 2004. A Review of Accelerated Carbonation Technology in the Treatment of Cement-based Materials and sequestration of CO2. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 112(3): 193–205.
Cokca, E., Yazici, V. and Ozaydin, V. 2009. Stabilization of expansive clays using granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and GBFS-Cement. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. 27(4): 489–499.
Celik, E. and Nalbantoglu, Z. 2013. Effects of Ground Granulated Blastfurnaces slag (GGBS) on the Swelling properties of lime- stabilized sulfate-bearing soils. Engineering Geology. 163: 20–25.
Chemeda, Y.C., Deneele, D., Razafitianamaharavo, A., Villiéras, F. and Ouvrard, G. 2021. Assessment of surface heterogeneity of lime treated kaolinites: Probed by low-pressure argon and nitrogen gas adsorption. Applied Clay Science. 206(November 2020): 0169–1317.
Ehwailat, K.I.A., Mohamad Ismail, M.A. and Ezreig, A.M.A. 2021. Novel approach to the treatment of gypseous soil-induced ettringite using blends of non-calcium-based stabilizer, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and metakaolin. Materials. 14(18): 10–12.
Fasihnikoutalab, M.H. 2015. Olivine for Soil Stabilization. The Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews. 1(1): 18–26.
Huntzinger, D.N., Gierke, J.S., Kawatra, S.K., Eisele, T.C. and Sutter, L.L. 2009. Carbon dioxide sequestration in cement kiln dust through mineral carbonation. Environmental Science and Technology. 43(6): 1986–1992.
Islam, A., Alengaram, U.J., Jumaat, M.Z. and Bashar, I.I. 2014. The development of compressive strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag-palm oil fuel ash-fly ash based geopolymer mortar. Materials and Design. 56: 833–841.
Kichou, Z. 2015. A study on the effects of lime on the mechanical properties and behaviour of London clay. London South Bank University.
Mazzotti, M., Carlos, J., Allam, R., Lackner, K.S., Meunier, F., Rubin, E.M., Sanchez, J.C., Yogo, K. and Zevenhoven, R. 2005. Mineral carbonation and industrial uses of carbon dioxide. IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage. (October), 319–338. Available at: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_chapter7.pdf
Mo, L. and Panesar, D.K. 2013. Accelerated carbonation - A potential approach to sequester CO2 in cement paste containing slag and reactive MgO. Cement and Concrete Composites. 43: 69–77.
Mohammed, A.M.A., Yunus, N.Z.M., Hezmi, M.A. and Rashid, A.S.A. 2021. Sequestration of carbon dioxide using ground granulated blast furnaces slag and kaolin mixtures. Global Nest Journal. 23(1): 105–111.
Mohammed, M.A., Zurairahetty, N., Yunus, M., Azril Hezmi, M., Zulaika, D., Hasbollah, A., Safuan, A. and Rashid, A. 2021. Ground improvement and its role in carbon dioxide reduction: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28: 8968–8988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12392-0.
Salimi, M. and Ghorbani, A. 2020. Mechanical and compressibility characteristics of a soft clay stabilized by slag-based mixtures and geopolymers. Applied Clay Science. 184(July 2019): 0169–1317.
Wang, D., Zhu, J. and He, F. 2019. CO2 carbonation-induced improvement in strength and microstructure of reactive MgO-CaO-fly ash-solidified soils. Construction and Building Materials. 229.
Yi, Y., Lu, K., Liu, S. and Al-Tabbaa, A. 2016. Property changes of reactive magnesia–Stabilized soil subjected to forced carbonation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 53(2): 314–325.
Yi, Y.L., Liska, M., Unluer, C. and Al-Tabbaa, A. 2013(a). Initial investigation into the carbonation of MgO for soil stabilisation. 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: Challenges and Innovations in Geotechnics, ICSMGE 2013. 3(September): 2641–2644.
Yi, Y.L., Liska, M., Unluer, C. and Al-Tabbaa, A. 2013(b). Initial investigation into the carbonation of MgO for soil stabilisation. 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: Challenges and Innovations in Geotechnics, ICSMGE 2013. 3: 2641–2644.
Yunus, N.Z.M., Marto, A., Pakir, F., Kasran, K., Jamal, M.A.A., Jusoh, S.N. and Abdullah, N. 2015. Performance of lime-treated marine clay on strength and compressibility chracteristics. International Journal of GEOMATE. 8(2): 1232–1238.
Zainuddin, N.E.B., Yunus, N.Z.M., Marto, A., Al-bared, M.A.M., Mashros, N. and Abdullah, R.A. 2016. A review: Reutilization of waste material to stabilize marine clay. In The 11th International Civil Engineering Post Graduate Conference - The 1st International Symposium on Expertise of Engineering Design SEPKA-ISEED’16..1–12.
Zhang, Y., Ong, Y.J. and Yi, Y. 2021. Comparison between CaO- and MgO-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) for stabilization/solidification of Zn-contaminated clay slurry. Chemosphere. 286.
