ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINANT BY CRUDE OIL SPILLAGE IN IBELEBIRI OF OGBIA, BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v37.23744Keywords:
Heavy metal contaminant, groundwater top-soil, sub-soil, crude oil spillageAbstract
Crude oil spillage in the Niger Delta region has led to significant environmental degradation and health concerns. This study investigated the levels of heavy metal contaminants (lead, cadmium, chromium, Iron, and Cobalt) in top-soil, sub-soil, and groundwater at Ibelebiri, Ogbia, Bayelsa State, where there are indices of crude oil spillage. Samples were collected from three locations A, B, and C with C as the control. Collected samples from these locations at the topsoil, sub-soil, and water were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and results were then compared using WHO standards. To further verify the contaminate level and pathway into groundwater, pollution indices such as the metal contaminate index (MI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), and leach pollution index (LPI) were used. The results showed elevated concentrations of heavy metals, exceeding WHO guidelines. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels ranged from 0.24 mg/L to 0.01 mg/L, across all locations and sampled media. Chromium (Cr) and Cobalt (Co) levels ranged from 1.5 mg/L to 0.01 mg/L, across all locations and sampled media. Iron (Fe) consistently shows elevated concentrations across all locations, particularly in Location B, which reaches 69.52 mg/L. Calculated values of MI and HPI revealed that water and soil samples are in pure conditions for all locations since MI values < 1, and HPI <100 at 0.077-0.027 and 0.154-5.27, suggesting minimal metal contaminations. The LPI is seen to be higher than the leach standard with higher values ranging from 1194.65-1032.245, indicating severe contamination in both areas. In contrast, the control point shows a much lower LPI value 608.665 when compared with the standard. The findings indicate the potential for serious health risks and environmental degradation in the contaminated areas in Ibelebiri. It also emphasizes the need for monitoring and remediation efforts to prevent further contamination.
References
Adeleke, O. W., 2020. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in soil and water around industrial areas in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and Health.,55: 13-146.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2019. Toxicological profile for heavy metals. Us Department of Health Sciences.
Ahmad Dasuki M., Hafizan J., Kamaruzzaman Y., Mohammad A. A., Che Noraini C. H., Fazureen A., Ismail Z. A., Syahril H. A., Nur H. S .2015. Oil Spill Related Heavy Metal: A Review, Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 19(6): 1348 – 1360.
Amadi, A., & Smith, A. 2017. Environmental impact of crude oil spills in Nigeria: A review. Aquatic Toxicology, 210: 11-20.
Caeiro, S., Goovaerts, P., Painho, M., Costa, M.H., 2003. Delineation of estuarine management areas using multivariate geostatistics: the case of Sado Estuary. Environmental Science Technology 37, 4052–4059.
Churchill E. S., Ogunlowo. O. O., 2022. Assessment of Leachate Pollution Potential of Unlined Landfill Using Leachate Pollution Index (LPI), Nigeria. Engineering and Technology, 3(2): 67-76
Doe, J., & Amadi, A. 2019. Groundwater contamination in the Niger Delta: Sources and groundwater: A case study in a rural community. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(2): 34-36.
Douye, A. 2019. Water resource management in Bayelsa State: Challenges and opportunities. The emerging role of space-based data. National Academies Press
Ijaola O.O. and Sakwe A. 2024. Comparative Impact of Seasonal Variation on Groundwater Quality in Different Locations in Akaba-Atissa Community Hydrogeological Settings, British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 5(5): 28-42
Kumar A., Kumar A., Cabral-Pinto M., Chaturvedi A.K., Shabnam A.A., Subrahmanyam G., Mondal R., Gupta D.K., Malyan S.K., Kumar S.S.2020. Lead toxicity: Health hazards, influence on food Chain, and sustainable remediation approaches. International. Journal. Environmental Researcher. Public Health 17: 2179. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072179.
Kumar, D. and Alappat, B.J. 2003 A Technique to Quantify Landfill Leachate Pollution. Proceedings of the 9th International Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Paper No. 400.
Kumar, R.N., Solanki, R., Kumar, J.I.N., 2013, “Seasonal variation in heavy metal contamination in water and sediments of river Sabarmati and Kharicut canal at Ahmedabad, Gujarat” Environmental. Monitoring. Assess. 185(1): 359-368.
Liu N., Zhong G., Zhou J., Liu Y., Pang Y., Cai H., Wu Z. 2018. Separate and combined effects of glyphosate and copper on growth and antioxidative enzymes in Salvinia natans (L.) All. Science Total Environment. 2019; 655:1448–1456. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv
McDonald, R.I., Weber, K., Padowski, J., Flörke, M., Schneider, C., Green, P.A., Gleeson, T. S. Eckman, T., Lehner, B., Balk, D., Boucher, T., Grill, G., Montgomery. M. 2014. Water on an Urban Planet: urbanization and the reach of urban water infrastructure, Global Environmental. Change, 27: 96-105.
Mohan, S.V., Nithila, P. and Reddy, S.J., 1996, “Estimation of heavy metal in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index”. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 31(2): 283-289.
National Research Council. 2015. Critical issues in groundwater resources management Nigerian Journal of Water Resources, 12(1): 22-34.
Nur Afifah A. R, Mohd Ismid, M. S and Shamila A. 2017. Carbonized Green Mussel Shell as Heavy Metal Removal, Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 29 (1):56-68.
Nwankwoala, HO., Udom., GT.Ugwu S .A 2017. Physiochemical characterization of groundwater in oil-producing areas. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 52(4): 236-246.
Ogunlowo O.O. 2024. Quantification of contaminants level in Otuoke River: Assessment of physicochemical properties, and Water Quality Index for domestic portability. International Journal Of Adulteration. 8(3): 30-39.
Ogwo, E. 2019. Heavy metal accumulation in aquatic organisms from polluted water bodies implications. Water Quality Research Journal, 54(3): 195-208.
Osokpor, J. and Omo-Irabor, O.O 2020 Groundwater Contamination Assessment in a Petroleum Impacted Sites in Parts of the Niger Delta, Nigeria, FUPRE Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 4(1): 13-26
Osuji, L. C., 2015. Environmental pollution by crude oil. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 50(6): 419-428.
Oyewole, S. A. 2022. Investigation of Leached Spill Crude Oil Contaminants (Heavy Metals) in Groundwater. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 38: 1-18.
Prasad, B. and Kumari, S., 2008, “Heavy metal pollution index of groundwater of an abandoned open cast mine filled with fly ash: a case study”. Mine Water Environment .27(4): 265-267.
Prasad, B. and Mondal, K.K., 2008, “The impact of filling an abandoned open cast mine with fly ash on groundwater quality: a case study”. Mine Water Environment. 27(1): 40-45.
Simon C.E. and Ayotamuno M. J. 2019. Leachate Pollution Index Determination at Yenagoa Central Waste Dump During the First Quarter of 2019, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Acta Scientific Environmental Science 1(1): 23-28.
Singh, A., Kumar, K., & Singh, S. 2017. Assessment of metal contamination in soil using metal contamination index. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 52: 147-155.
World Health Organization (WHO) 2018. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: 4th Edition.
WHO 2018. Guidelines on sanitation and health. Geneva, World Health Organization World Health Organization 2018. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: 4th Edition.
World Health Organization. 2018. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. WHO Press
Zhang X., Yan L., Liu J., Zhang Z., Tan C. 2019. Removal of different kinds of heavy metals by novel PPG-nZVI beads and their application in simulated stormwater infiltration facility Apply. Science. 9: 4213. doi: 10.3390/app9204213.
