PREPARATION AND RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CELLULOSE-CHITOSAN HYDROGEL FOR EXTRUSION 3D PRINTER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v12.17440Keywords:
Additive manufacturing, Biomaterial, Thermoresponsive gelation, Tissue engineeringAbstract
The application of three-dimensional (3D) printing in tissue engineering is becoming prominent nowadays. A big obstacle for this technology is the selection of proper ink material. Chitosan hydrogel is an established biocompatible material that can be used as tissue scaffolds, and it has the rheology necessary for processing via extrusion type 3D printer. However, chitosan still has degradation and swelling limitations. Hence, chitosan hydrogel blends were incorporated with cellulose particles and were prepared as ink material. The hydrogels were successfully synthesized via thermo-responsive sol-gel method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis showed that the gelation of hydrogels formed a semi-interpenetrating network of ionically crosslinked chitosan and cellulose particles. Rheological tests have shown that the hydrogels exhibited shear thinning property necessary for printing. However, high cellulose amounts caused clogging during printing, and the presence of water limited the structural rigidity of the printed product. Besides this, it was found that the addition of cellulose was able to increase swelling, decrease degradation rate, and decrease gelation time, but the effect is not significant for any of these three properties.
References
Yan Q., Dong H., Su J., Han J., Song B., Wei Q., and Shi Y. 2018. A Review of 3D Printing Technology for Medical Applications. Engineering, 4: 729–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2018.07.021.
Mishra S. 2016. Application of 3D printing in medicine Indian Heart Journal, 68: 108–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2016.01.009.
Chung S. and King M.W. 2011. Design concepts and strategies for tissue engineering scaffolds. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 58: 423–438. https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.60.
Vinatier C. and Guicheux J. 2016. Cartilage tissue engineering: From biomaterials and stem cells to osteoarthritis treatments. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 59: 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.03.002.
O’Brien F.J. 2011. Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering. Materials Today, 14: 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70058-X.
Bishop E.S., Mostafa S., Paksava, M., Luu H.H., Lee M.J., Wolf J.M., Ameer G.A., He T.C., and Reid R.R. 2017. 3-D bioprinting technologies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Current and future trends. Genes and Diseases, 4: 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2017.10.002.
Chimene D., Lennox K., Kaunas R., and Gaharwar A. 2016. Advanced Bioinks for 3D Printing: A Materials Science Perspective. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 44: 2090–2102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-016-1638-y.
Teßmar J., Brandl F., and Göpferich A. 2009. Hydrogels for tissue engineering. Fundamentals of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 101: 495–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77755-7_37.
Ahsan S., Thomas M., Reddy K., Sooraparaju S., Asthana A., and Bhatnagar I. 2018. Chitosan as biomaterial in drug delivery and tissue engineering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 110: 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.140.
Boonruam P. and Wattanachai P. 2021. Effects of chemical compositions of chitosan-based hydrogel on properties and collagen release. ASEAN Engineering Journal, 11: 85–100. https://doi.org/10.11113/AEJ.V11.16684.
Rahimnejad M., Labonté-Dupuis T., Demarquette N., and Lerouge S. 2020. A rheological approach to assess the printability of thermosensitive chitosan-based biomaterial inks. Biomedical Materials, 16. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/abb2d8.
De France K., Hoare T., and Cranston E. 2017. Review of Hydrogels and Aerogels Containing Nanocellulose. Chemistry of Materials, 29: 4609–4631. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00531.
Sampath U., Ching Y., Chuah C.,Singh R., and Lin P. 2017. Preparation and characterization of nanocellulose reinforced semi-interpenetrating polymer network of chitosan hydrogel. Cellulose, 24: 2215–2228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1251-8.
Yu H., Qin Z., Liang B., Liu N., Zhou, Z., and Chen L. 2013. Facile extraction of thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals with a high yield of 93% through hydrochloric acid hydrolysis under hydrothermal conditions. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 1: 3938–3944. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta01150j.
Pachuau L., Dutta R., Hauzel L., Devi T., and Deka D. 2019. Evaluation of novel microcrystalline cellulose from Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman biomass as sustainable drug delivery biomaterial. Carbohydrate Polymers, 206: 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.013.
Assaad E., Maire M., and Lerouge S. 2015. Injectable thermosensitive chitosan hydrogels with controlled gelation kinetics and enhanced mechanical resistance. Carbohydrate Polymers, 130: 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.063.
Skwarczynska A., Kaminska M., Owczarz P., Walkowiak B., Modrzejewska Z., and Bartoszek N. 2018. The structural ( FTIR , XRD , and XPS ) and biological studies of thermosensitive chitosan chloride gels with b -glycerophosphate disodium. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135 46459: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.46459.
Stuart B. 2004. Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications, 1st ed., Wiley, New York.
Deng A., Kang X., Zhang J., Yang Y., and Yang S. 2017. Enhanced gelation of chitosan / β -sodium glycerophosphate thermosensitive hydrogel with sodium bicarbonate and biocompatibility evaluated. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 78: 1147–1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.109.
Kim S., Nishimoto S., Bumgardner J., Haggard W., Gaber M., and Yang Y. 2010. A chitosan / b -glycerophosphate thermo-sensitive gel for the delivery of ellagic acid for the treatment of brain cancer. Biomaterials, 31: 4157–4166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.139.
Tang Y., Wang X., Li Y., Lei M., Du Y., Kennedy J., Knill C. 2010. Production and characterisation of novel injectable chitosan / methylcellulose / salt blend hydrogels with potential application as tissue engineering scaffolds. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82: 833–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.003.
Meng G., Peng H., Wu J., Wang Y., Wang H., Liu Z., and Guo X. 2017. Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Cellulose / Chitosan Composite Aerogel for Oil / Water Separation. Fibers and Polymers, 18: 706–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-017-1099-4.
Supper S., Anton N., Seidel N,, Riemenschnitter M., Curdy C., and Vandamme T. 2014. Thermosensitive chitosan / glycerophosphate-based hydrogel and its derivatives in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 11: 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2014.867326.
Tahrir F., Ganji F., Mani A., and Khodaverdi E. 2014. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel for sustained release of insulin. Drug Delivery, 23 7544: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2014.932861.
Ahmadi R., and De Bruijn J. 2008. Biocompatibility and gelation of chitosan-glycerol phosphate hydrogels. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 86: 824–832. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31676.
Coury A. 2012. Chemical and Biochemical Degradation of Polymers Intended to be Biostable, in: B. Ratner, A. Hoffman, F. Schoen, J. Lemons (Eds.). Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, 3rd ed., Academic Press, Oxford, 697–715.
Choi G. and Krieger I. 1986. Rheological Studies on Sterically Stabilized Model Dispersions of Uniform Colloidal Spheres Volkingburg of the Dow Coming Corporate. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 113 101–113.
Jungst T., Smolan W., Schacht K., Scheibel T., and Groll J. 2016. Strategies and Molecular Design Criteria for 3D Printable Hydrogels. Chemical Reviews, 116: 1496–1539. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00303.
Wei Q., Zhang Y., Wang Y., Chai W., Yang M., Zeng W., and Wang. 2015. Study of the effects of water content and temperature on polyacrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol interpenetrating network hydrogel performance by a molecular dynamics method. e-Polymers, 15: 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2015-0087.
Cui X., Zheng W., Zou W., Liu X., Yang H., Yan J., and Gao Y. 2019. Water-retaining, tough and self-healing hydrogels and their uses as fire-resistant materials. Polymer Chemistry, 10: 5151–5158. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9py01015g.
Paxton N., Smolan W., Böck T., Melchels F., Groll J., and Jungst T. 2017. Proposal to assess printability of bioinks for extrusion-based bioprinting and evaluation of rheological properties governing bioprintability. Biofabrication, 9: https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aa8dd8.
Huber D., Tegl G., Baumann M., Sommer E., Gorji E., Borth N., Schleining G., Nyanhongo G., and Guebitz G. 2017. Chitosan hydrogel formation using laccase activated phenolics as cross-linkers. Carbohydrate Polymers, 157: 814–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.012.
