PROPERTIES EVALUATION OF GREEN MORTAR CONTAINING WASTE MATERIALS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v13.18986Keywords:
Limestone Powder. Calcined Clay. Slag. Green Mortar. Ternary Cement. SustainablyAbstract
The accumulation of massive waste has impacted human health and the city's appearance. As a result, there was a need to reduce waste by using by-products from industrial waste to replace cement, such as limestone, fly ash, silica fume, steel slag, and other minerals known as supplementary cementitious materials are produced environmentally and sustainably. This paper's purpose is to design a green mortar with the highest possible replacement of cement that has acceptable fresh and hardened characteristics. In this paper, three (SCMs), such as limestone powder (10%), calcined clay (0–35%), and slag (0–30%), were used to prepare ternary mixtures. The materials used in this research are available locally in Mosul, Iraq. The experimental studies were carried out for twelve mixes. The tests of flowability, flexural strength, compressive strength, dry density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and water absorption on green mortar have been conducted. The cement was replaced 30% to 60% with a combination of ternary cement containing calcined clay, limestone, and slag in different replacement percentages than in other green mortar mixes. The results found that replacing OPC (30%), which contains 10% limestone, 10% steel slag, and 10% calcined clay, gives the highest compressive strength and flexure strength enhancement, which are 24% and 18% greater than the plain mortar after 28 days. When cement replacement was increased for ternary mixes, the result differed slightly from the plain mortar. Water absorption increased as the SCMs were increased. Dry density showed little effect.
References
Farfan, J., Fasihi, M., & Breyer, C. 2019. Trends in the global cement industry and opportunities for long-term sustainable CCU potential for Power-to-X. Journal of Cleaner Productio., 217: 821–835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2019.01.226
Cloete, S., Giuffrida, A., Romano, M. C., & Zaabout, A. 2020. Economic assessment of the swing adsorption reactor cluster for CO2 capture from cement production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 275: 123024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.123024
Singh, M., Choudhary, K., Srivastava, A., Singh Sangwan, K., & Bhunia, D. 2017. A study on environmental and economic impacts of using waste marble powder in concrete. Journal of Building Engineerin. 13: 87–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2017.07.009
Juenger, M. C. G., Winnefeld, F., Provis, J. L., & Ideker, J. H. 2011. Advances in alternative cementitious binders. Cement and Concrete Research.41(12): 1232–1243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2010.11.012
Juenger, M. C. G., Snellings, R., & Bernal, S. A. 2019. Supplementary cementitious materials: New sources, characterization, and performance insights. Cement and Concrete Research. 122: 257–273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2019.05.008
Clavier, K. A., Paris, J. M., Ferraro, C. C., & Townsend, T. G. 2020. Opportunities and challenges associated with using municipal waste incineration ash as a raw ingredient in cement production – a review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 160: 104888. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2020.104888
Skibsted, J., & Snellings, R. 2019. Reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in cement blends. Cement and ConcreteResearch.124: 105799. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2019.105799
Environment, U. N., Scrivener, K. L., John, V. M., & Gartner, E. M. 2018. Eco-efficient cements: Potential economically viable solutions for a low-CO2 cement-based materials industry. Cement and Concrete Research. 114: 2–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.015
Scrivener, K., Martirena, F., Bishnoi, S., & Maity, S. 2018. Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3). Cement and Concrete Research. 114: 49–56. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.017
Snellings, R. 2016. Assessing, Understanding and Unlocking Supplementary Cementitious Materials. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21809/RILEMTECHLETT.2016.12
Carvalho, S. Z., Vernilli, F., Almeida, B., Demarco, M., & Silva, S. N. 2017. The recycling effect of BOF slag in the portland cement properties. Resources, Conservation and Recycling.127: 216–220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2017.08.021
Matschei, T., Lothenbach, B., & Glasser, F. P. 2007. The role of calcium carbonate in cement hydration. Cement and Concrete Research.37(4): 551–558. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2006.10.013
Cardoso, T. C., de Matos, P. R., Py, L., Longhi, M., Cascudo, O., & Kirchheim, A. P. 2022. Ternary cements produced with non-calcined clay, limestone, and Portland clinker. Journal of Building Engineering. 45: 103437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103437
Avet, F., Snellings, R., Alujas Diaz, A., Ben Haha, M., & Scrivener, K. 2016. Development of a new rapid, relevant and reliable (R3) test method to evaluate the pozzolanic reactivity of calcined kaolinitic clays. Cement and Concrete Research. 85: 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2016.02.0153
Adu-Amankwah, S., Zajac, M., Stabler, C., Lothenbach, B., & Black, L. 2017. Influence of limestone on the hydration of ternary slag cements. Cement and Concrete Research. 100: 96–109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2017.05.013
Parashar, A., & Bishnoi, S. 2021. Hydration behaviour of limestone-calcined clay and limestone-slag blends in ternary cement. RILEM TechnicalLetters, 6: 17–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.134
Daw ood, E. T., and Abdual-Kareem, M .2022, An experimental study for utilization of slag (S) to produce sustainable mortar, AIP Confernece. Procoss. 2386, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0066798
Dawood, E. T., Mohammed, W. T., & Plank, J. 2022. Performance of sustainable mortar using calcined clay, fly ash, limestone powder and reinforced with hybrid fibers. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 16: e00849.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2021.E00849
Lin .W.T, Cheng .A, and Černý. R, 2020 .Effect of limestone powder on strength and permeability of cementitious mortars, MATEC We b Conf. 322: 1009. DOI: https://doi.org 10.1051/matecconf/202032201009.
Nair, N.; Mohammed Haneefa, K.; Santhanam, M.; Gettu, R.2020. A study on fresh properties of limestone calcined clay blended cementitious systems. Constuction and Building Material .254, 119326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119326.
Argın . G and Uzal . B 2021. Enhancement of pozzolanic activity of calcined clays by limestone powder addition, Constr. Build. Mater., 284: 9–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122789
Makhloufi, Aggoun .S, Benabed .B, . Kadri. E.H, Bederina .M., 2016. Effect of magnesium sulfate on the durability of limestone mortars based on quaternary blended cements, Cement Concrete Composed .65 , 186–199.
Iraqi Standard No. 5, 2010. Portland cement Central Organization for Standardization and Quality, Icosqc 1–8.
ASTM C150. 2017. Standard Specification for Portland Cement. Practice, 93(Reapproved), 2–6.
ASTM C-128. 2015. Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015. ASTM Internasional, i: 15–20.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1520/C0128-15.2.
ASTM C-33. 2013. Standard Test Method for Concrete Aggregates, ASTM International. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1520/C0033
ASTM C989. 2016. Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars, ASTM Stand. 44, pp. 1–8.
ASTM C 618 2019, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, ASTM Stand, 04.02.
Dawood, E. T. 2020. Effects superplasticizer type and dosage on the properties of reactive powder concrete. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47890/jceid%2F2020%2Fetdawood%2F12045785
ASTM C494 2017, Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete, ASTM Int., no. February, 1–10.
ASTM C1437. 2013. Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar 1. i: 1–2.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1520/C1437-13.2.
ASTM C 192. 2019. Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimen in The Labrotary, ASTM Int, vol. 04.02.
Dawood, E. T. and Jaraullah,M. N,2020. a. The effect of lime stone powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregate on the properties of mortar produced from SCMs, AIP Conference. Process. 2386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0066795
de Matos, P. R., Sakata, R. D., Gleize, P. J. P., de Brito, J., & Repette, W. L. 2020. Eco-friendly ultra-high performance cement pastes produced with quarry wastes as alternative fillers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 269: 122308.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.122308
Bentz, D. P., Ferraris, C. F., Jones, S. Z., Lootens, D., & Zunino, F. 2017. Limestone and silica powder replacements for cement: Early-age performance. Cement and Concrete Composites. 78: 43–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2017.01.001
Cabinets, M., Rooms, M., Statements, B., & Mass, D. 2013. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (using 2-in. or [50-mm] cube specimens) (ASTMC109/C109M − 13). 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1520/C0109
Ramezanianpour, A., & Hooton, D. 2014. A Study on Hydration, Compressive Strength, and Porosity of Portland-Limestone Cement Mixes Containing SCMs. Cement and Concrete Composites, 51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.03.006
Kocaba, V., Gallucci, E., & Scrivener, K. L. 2012. Methods for determination of degree of reaction of slag in blended cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research. 42(3): 511–525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2011.11.010
Han, Y., Lin, R., & Wang, X. Y. 2021. Performance and sustainability of quaternary composite paste comprising limestone, calcined Hwangtoh clay, and granulated blast furnace slag. Journal of Building Engineering. 43: 102655.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102655
Darmanto, P. S., & Amalia, A. 2020. Analysis of high clinker ratio of Portland Composite Cement (PCC) [Elsevier]. In South African Journal of Chemical Engineering 34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SAJCE.2020.07.010
Yu, J., Wu, H. L., Mishra, D. K., Li, G., & Leung, C. K. 2021. Compressive strength and environmental impact of sustainable blended cement with high-dosage Limestone and Calcined Clay (LC2). Journal of Cleaner Production, 278: 123616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.123616
Statements, B., & Mass, D. 2014. Standard test method for flexural Strength of hydraulic-cement mortars (ASTMC348 − 14). i: 1–6. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1520/C0348-14.2
Wang, H., Hou, P., Li, Q., Adu-Amankwah, S., Chen, H., Xie, N., Zhao, P., Huang, Y., Wang, S., & Cheng, X. 2021. Synergistic effects of supplementary cementitious materials in limestone and calcined clay-replaced slag cement. Construction and Building Materials. 282: 122648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122648
Espion, B., Lebon, B., Pierre, C., Germain, O., Hellebois, A., & Sakai, K. 2013. Characterisation of new ternary cements with reduced clinker content. Proceedings de First International Conference on Concrete Sustainability (ICCS13), Tokyo.
ASTM. 2009. Standard Specification for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Note 2: 6–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1520/C0597-09.2.
Qinfei .L, Han .W, Pengkun .H., Heng.C. 2019 . The microstructure and mechanical properties of cementitious materials comprised of limestone, calcined clay and clinker, Ceramics-Silikaty. 63 (4): 356–364, DOI: https://doi.org/10.13168/ cs.2019.0031.
Li, Q. 2019 The Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Cementitious Materials Comprised Of Limestone, Calcined Clay And Clinker.Ceramics-Silikaty. 63: 1–9.DOI: https://doi.org/10.13168/cs.2019.0031
Godinho. J.P., T.F. De Souza JÚNior, Medeiros. M.H.F., Silva .S.A. 2020. Factors influencing ultrasonic pulse velocity in concrete, Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais. 13: 222–2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952020000200004.
ASTM. 2013. ASTM C642: Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete, ASTM International, United States. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, March, 1–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1520/C0642-13.5.
Dhandapani, Y., & Santhanam, M. 2017. Assessment of pore structure evolution in the limestone calcined clay cementitious system and its implications for performance. Cement and Concrete Composites.84: 36–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2017.08.012
Gu, Y. cun, Li, J. L., Peng, J. K., Xing, F., Long, W. J., & Khayat, K. H. 2020. Immobilization of hazardous ferronickel slag treated using ternary limestone calcined clay cement. Construction and Building Materials.250,118837.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118837
Tironi, A., Castellano, C. C., Bonavetti, V., Trezza, M. A., Scian, A. N., & Irassar, E. F. 2015. Blended Cements Elaborated with Kaolinitic Calcined Clays. Procedia Materials Scienc. 8: 211–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2015.04.066
Long, W. J., Wu, Z., Khayat, K. H., Wei, J., Dong, B., Xing, F., & Zhang, J. 2022. Design, dynamic performance and ecological efficiency of fiber-reinforced mortars with different binder systems: Ordinary Portland cement, limestone calcined clay cement and alkali-activated slag. Journal of Cleaner Production. 337: 130478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2022.13047
Wei, Y., Gao, X., & Liang, S. 2018. A combined SPM/NI/EDS method to quantify properties of inner and outer C-S-H in OPC and slag-blended cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Composites, 85: 56–66.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2017.09.017
Salman .M ., Owaid,K. M. and Hussein .D. R,.2017. Studying the Effect of Iraqi Steel Slag Addition on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortar,”. Engineering. Sustainabale. 21(3) : 24–35.