EVALUATION OF STORM SURGE BEHAVIOR DUE TO DIFFERENT TYPHOON TRACKS AND WIND SPEEDS ALONG THE COAST OF DAGUPAN CITY, LINGAYEN GULF, PHILIPPINES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v13.19110Keywords:
storm surge, Dagupan City, Lingayen Gulf, ADCIRC, typhoon tracksAbstract
Every year, an average of 19.4 typhoons traverse the Philippine Area of Responsibility and the country receives around nine landfalling typhoons. These typhoons can generate storm surges along the coasts and cause inundation of coastal communities. Dagupan City is a low-lying city located along the coast of Lingayen Gulf where 30% of its population live in the coastal barangays. As a coastal community located along the head of the Lingayen Gulf where the bathymetry is shallow, Dagupan city is susceptible to storm surges. This study aims to evaluate the storm surge behavior due to different typhoon tracks and windspeeds along the coast of Dagupan City. To achieve this objective, this study implements numerical simulation of storm surges using the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) model. A simple methodology is employed by selecting representative historical typhoons and creating synthetic typhoons by shifting the tracks along the latitude. Simulations of typhoons with different typhoon tracks reveal the critical tracks that give highest storm surges in Dagupan City. Finally, storm surges are simulated for windspeed intensities of 60, 80 and 100 knots which are applied to the identified critical tracks. The results of this study show that shifting the typhoon tracks affects the magnitude of storm surges in Dagupan City. Generally, the tracks that pass near the center of Lingayen Gulf generate the highest storm surge along the coast, however, eastward synthetic tracks near the mouth of the gulf can also potentially produce storm surges in Dagupan City. In addition, it is found that typhoon tracks coming from the West Philippine Sea can generate higher storm surges in Dagupan City compared to tracks from the Pacific Ocean. The highest storm surge generated by the representative historical typhoon is 1 m produced by Typhoon Vicki 1998 while a storm surge of 2 m could be potentially generated along Dagupan City by a typhoon with windspeed of 100 knots. The results of this study can be helpful in predicting storm surges for different typhoon tracks and windspeeds which can be used for coastal disaster preparedness in Dagupan City.
References
Cinco, T., Guzman, R., Ortiz, A., Delfino, R., Lasco, R., & Hilario, F., Juanillo, E., Barba, R., Ares, E. 2016. Observed trends and impacts of tropical cyclones in the Philippines. International Journal of Climatology. 36(14): 4638-4650. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4659
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). 2013 (online)). Available: https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/1329/FINAL_REPORT_re_Effects_of_Typhoon_YOLANDA_(HAIYAN)_06-09NOV2013.pdf. [Accessed: September 2021]
Bakker, T.M., Antolinez, J.A.A, Leijnse, T.W.B., Pearson, S.G., and Giardino, A. 2022. Estimating Tropical Cyclone-induced Wind, Waves, and Surge: A General Methodology Based on Representative Tracks. Coastal Engineering. 176: 104154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2022.104154
Thuy, N.B., Kim, S., Chien, D.D., Dang, V.H., Cuong, H.D., Wettre, C., and Hole, L.R. 2017. Assessment of Storm Surge along the Coast of Central Vietnam. Journal of Coastal Research. 33(3): 518-530.
Andree, E., Su, J., Larsen, M.A.D., Madsen, K.S., Drews, M. 2021. Simulating Major Storm Surge Events in a Complex Coastal Region. Ocean Modelling. 162: 101802. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101802
Marsooli, R. and Lin, N. 2017. Numerical Modelling of Historical Storm Tides and Waves and Their Interactions Along the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 123: 3844-3874. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013434
Freeman, J., Velic, M., Colberg, F., Greenslade, D., Divakaran, P., and Kepert, K. 2020. Development of a Tropical Storm Surge Prediction System for Australia. Journal of Marine Systems. 206: 103317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103317
Zhang, X.J., Wang, D.G., Lai, X.J., and Song H.H. 2015. Effect of Forecasted Typhoon Track Uncertainties on Storm Surge Predictions for the Coast of Shanghai. Journal of Hydraulic Research. 54(1): 41-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2015.1095806
Ma, Y., Wu, Y., Shao, Z., Cao., T., and Liang, B. 2022. Impacts of Sea Level Rise and Typhoon Intensity on Storm Surges and Waves around the Coastal Area of Qingdao. Ocean Engineering. 249: 110953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.110953
Du, M., Hou, Y., Hu, P., and Wang, K. 2020. Effects of Typhoon Paths on Storm Surge and Coastal Inundation in the Pearl River Estuary, China. Remote Sensing. 12: 1851. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111851
Islam, M.R., and Takagi, H. 2020. Typhoon Parameter Sensitivity of Storm Surge in the Semi-enclosed Tokyo Bay. Frontiers of Earth Science. 14: 553–567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-020-0817-1
Yuxing, W., Ting, G., Ning, J., and Zhenyu, H. 2020. Numerical Study of the Impacts of Typhoon Parameters on the Storm Surge based on Hato Storm over the Pearl River Mouth, China. Regional Studies in Marine Science. 34: 101061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101061
Villalba, I.B., Cruz, E., and Adame, A. 2022. Assessing the Effects of Different Typhoon Tracks on Storm Surge Generation in Manila Bay using ADCIRC. Philippine Engineering Journal. 43(1): 23-46.
Philippine Statistics Authority. 2019 [Online]. Available at https://psa.gov.ph/. [Accessed: November 2019]
Villalba, I.B. 2019, October 28-30. Numerical Simulation of Storm Tides Generated by Historical Typhoons along Dagupan City Coastline [Paper presentation]. Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. 45th National Convention and Technical Conference, Pasay City, Philippines
Leuttich, R.A., and Westerink, J.J. 2004. Formulation and Numerical Implementation of the 2D/3D ADCIRC Finite Element Model Version 44.XX. Technical report. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill & University of Notre Dame
Sebastian, A., Proft., J., Dietrich, C., Du, W., Bedient, P., and Dawson, C. 2014. Characterizing Hurricane Storm Surge Behavior in Galveston Bay using the SWAN+ADCIRC model. Coastal Engineering. 88: 171-181. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2014.03.002
Wang, K., Hou, Y., Li, S., Du, M., Chen, J., and Lu, J. 2019. A Comparative Study of Storm Surge and Wave Set-up in the East China Sea between two Severe Weather Events. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 235: 106853. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106583
Xie, D., Zou, Q., and Cannon, J. 2016. Application of SWAN+ADCIRC to Tide-Surge and Wave Simulation in Gulf of Maine during Patriot’s Day Storm. Water Science and Engineering. 9(1): 33-41. DOI: ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2016.02.003
Holland, G.J. 1980. An Analytic Model of the Wind and Pressure Profiles in Hurricanes. Monthly Weather Review, 108: 1212-1218
National Mapping and Resource Information Authority, Hydrographic and Geodetic Surveys Department, Bathymetric Chart 4209.
General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) 2019. (Online). Available at https://www.gebco.net/. [Accessed: June 2019]
Camelo, J.B., Cruz, E.C., Cruz, L.L.B. 2017. Simulative Analysis of Inland Inundation behind Roxas Boulevard Seawall due to Storm Tide Overtopping by Historical Typhoons. Asian and Pacific Coasts 2017: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on APAC 2017, 235-246.
Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). 2021. Best Track Archive (Online). Available at https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/jtwc.html?best-tracks. [Accessed: October 2021]
Japan Meteorological Agency. 2021. Regional Specialized Meteorological Center Tokyo – Typhoon Center, Best Track Data Online). Available at http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/besttrack.html. [Accessed: October 2021]
World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 2021. Classification of Tropical Cyclones (Online). Available at https://community.wmo.int/classification-tropical-cyclones. [Accessed: November 2021]
