NTHCMB: DESIGN OF AN EFFICIENT NOVEL TRUST-BASED HYBRID CONSENSUS MODEL FOR SECURING BLOCKCHAIN DEPLOYMENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v14.20763Keywords:
Blockchain, Proof-of-Work, Proof-of-Stake, Proof-of-Temporal-Trust, Machine learningAbstract
Blockchain deployments require efficient consensus models in order to be scaled for larger networks. Existing consensus models either use stake-levels, trust-levels, authority-levels, etc. or their combinations in order to reduce mining delay while maintaining higher security levels. But these models either have higher energy requirements, lower security, or have linear/exponential relationship between mining delay and length of the chains. Due to these restrictions, the applicability of these models is affected when deployed under real-time network scenarios. To overcome these issues, this text proposes design of an efficient novel trust-based hybrid consensus model for securing blockchain deployments. The proposed model initially uses a hybrid consensus model that fuses Proof-of-Work (PoW), Proof-of-Stake (PoS) with Proof-of-Temporal-Trust (PoTT) for improving security while maintaining higher Quality of Service (QoS) levels. The PoTT Model fuses together temporal mining delay, temporal mining energy, throughput and block mining efficiency in order to generate miner-level trusts. These trust values are fused with Work efficiency and Stake levels and used for selection of miners. The selected miners are used for serving block addition requests, which assists in improving mining speed by 3.2%, reducing energy consumption 4.5%, and improving throughput by 8.5%, while improving block mining efficiency by 2.9% when compared with existing mining optimization models. This performance was validated under Sybil, Finney, Man-in-the-Middle, and Spoofing attacks. Performance of the model was observed to be consistent even under attacks, thereby making it useful for real-time network scenarios.
References
G. Praveen, S. P. Singh, V. Chamola and M. Guizani, 2022. "Novel Consensus Algorithm for Blockchain Using Proof-of-Majority (PoM)," in IEEE Networking Letters. 4(4): 208-211. DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2022.3213971
S. Ma, S. Wang and W. -T. Tsai, 2022. "Delay Analysis of Consensus Communication for Blockchain-Based Applications Using Network Calculus," in IEEE Wireless Communications Letters. 11(9): 1825-1829. DOI: 10.1109/LWC.2022.3183197
R. Bezuidenhout, W. Nel and J. M. Maritz, 2023. "Permissionless Blockchain Systems as Pseudo-Random Number Generators for Decentralized Consensus," in IEEE Access. 11: 14587-14611. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3244403
Y. Goh, J. Yun, D. Jung and J. -M. Chung, 2022. "Secure Trust-Based Delegated Consensus for Blockchain Frameworks Using Deep Reinforcement Learning," in IEEE Access. 10: 118498-118511. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3220852
C. Xu, Y. Qu, T. H. Luan, P. W. Eklund, Y. Xiang and L. Gao, 2022. "A Lightweight and Attack-Proof Bidirectional Blockchain Paradigm for Internet of Things," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 9(6): 4371-4384. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3103275
G. Yang, K. Lee, K. Lee, Y. Yoo, H. Lee and C. Yoo, 2022. "Resource Analysis of Blockchain Consensus Algorithms in Hyperledger Fabric," in IEEE Access, 10: 74902-74920. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3190979
M. Hu, T. Shen, J. Men, Z. Yu and Y. Liu, 2020. "CRSM: An Effective Blockchain Consensus Resource Slicing Model for Real-Time Distributed Energy Trading," in IEEE Access, 8: 206876-206887. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3037694
J. Wan, K. Hu, J. Li and H. Su, 2022. "AnonymousFox: An Efficient and Scalable Blockchain Consensus Algorithm," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 9(23): 24236-24252. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3189200
M. Kaur, M. Z. Khan, S. Gupta, A. Noorwali, C. Chakraborty and S. K. Pani, 2021. "MBCP: Performance Analysis of Large Scale Mainstream Blockchain Consensus Protocols," in IEEE Access, 9: 80931-80944. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3085187
Z. Ai and W. Cui, 2022. "A Proof-of-Transactions Blockchain Consensus Protocol for Large-Scale IoT," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 9(11): 7931-7943. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3108627
S. Verma, D. Yadav and G. Chandra, 2022. "Introduction of Formal Methods in Blockchain Consensus Mechanism and Its Associated Protocols," in IEEE Access. 10: 66611-66624. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3184799
Qingqing Xie, Fan Dong, Xia Feng, 2023. "HLOChain: A Hierarchical Blockchain Framework with Lightweight Consensus and Optimized Storage for IoT", Security and Communication Networks. 2023: 1-14. DOI: 10.1155/2023/3412200
M. Touloupou, M. Themistocleous, E. Iosif and K. Christodoulou, 2022. "A Systematic Literature Review Toward a Blockchain Benchmarking Framework," in IEEE Access. 10: 70630-70644. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3188123
R. Tapwal, P. K. Deb, S. Misra and S. K. Pal, 2022. "Amaurotic-Entity-Based Consensus Selection in Blockchain-Enabled Industrial IoT," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 9(14): 11648-11655. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3131501
M. Xu, S. Liu, D. Yu, X. Cheng, S. Guo and J. Yu, 2022. "CloudChain: A Cloud Blockchain Using Shared Memory Consensus and RDMA," in IEEE Transactions on Computers. 71(12): 3242-3253. DOI: 10.1109/TC.2022.3147960
Y. Wang, H. Peng, Z. Su, T. H. Luan, A. Benslimane and Y. Wu, 2022. "A Platform-Free Proof of Federated Learning Consensus Mechanism for Sustainable Blockchains," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 40(12): 3305-3324. DOI: 10.1109/JSAC.2022.3213347
P. Zheng et al., 2022. "Aeolus: Distributed Execution of Permissioned Blockchain Transactions via State Sharding," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 18(12): 9227-9238. DOI: 10.1109/TII.2022.3164433
H. Afzaal, M. Imran, M. U. Janjua and S. P. Gochhayat, 2022. "Formal Modeling and Verification of a Blockchain-Based Crowdsourcing Consensus Protocol," in IEEE Access. 10: 8163-8183. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3141982
D. Huang, X. Ma and S. Zhang, 2020. "Performance Analysis of the Raft Consensus Algorithm for Private Blockchains," in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. 50(01): 172-181. DOI: 10.1109/TSMC.2019.2895471
C. Santiago, S. Ren, C. Lee and M. Ryu, 2021. "Concordia: A Streamlined Consensus Protocol for Blockchain Networks," in IEEE Access. 9: 13173-13185. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051796
G. Sun, M. Dai, J. Sun and H. Yu, 2021. "Voting-Based Decentralized Consensus Design for Improving the Efficiency and Security of Consortium Blockchain," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 8(08): 6257-6272. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.3029781
X. Fu, H. Wang and P. Shi, 2022. "Votes-as-a-Proof (VaaP): Permissioned Blockchain Consensus Protocol Made Simple," in IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems. 33(12): 4964-4973. DOI: 10.1109/TPDS.2022.3211829
Z. Liu, L. Hou, K. Zheng, Q. Zhou and S. Mao, 2022. "A DQN-Based Consensus Mechanism for Blockchain in IoT Networks," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 9(14): 11962-11973. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3132420
Y. Xiao, N. Zhang, W. Lou and Y. T. Hou, 2020. "A Survey of Distributed Consensus Protocols for Blockchain Networks," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 22(2): 1432-1465. DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2020.2969706
W. Zhang et al., 2022. "A Trustworthy Safety Inspection Framework Using Performance-Security Balanced Blockchain," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 9(11): 8178-8190. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3121512
Y. Na, Z. Wen, J. Fang, Y. Tang and Y. Li, 2022. "A Derivative PBFT Blockchain Consensus Algorithm With Dual Primary Nodes Based on Separation of Powers-DPNPBFT," in IEEE Access.10: 76114-76124. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3192426
Y. Meshcheryakov, A. Melman, O. Evsutin, V. Morozov and Y. Koucheryavy, 2021. "On Performance of PBFT Blockchain Consensus Algorithm for IoT-Applications With Constrained Devices," in IEEE Access, 9: 80559-80570. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3085405
L. Yang, Y. Zou, M. Xu, Y. Xu, D. Yu and X. Cheng, 2022. "Distributed Consensus for Blockchains in Internet-of-Things Networks," in Tsinghua Science and Technology. 27(5): 817-831. DOI: 10.26599/TST.2021.9010065
K. Otsuki, R. Nakamura and K. Shudo, 2021. "Impact of Saving Attacks on Blockchain Consensus," in IEEE Access. 9: 133011-133022. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3115131
Chavan, P. V., and Balani, N., 2023. “Design of heuristic model to improve block-chain-based sidechain configuration,” in International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering. 26(4):372-384. DOI: 10.1504/IJCSE.2023.132154
F. Aponte, L. Gutierrez, M. Pineda, I. Meriño, A. Salazar and P. Wightman, 2021. "Cluster-Based Classification of Blockchain Consensus Algorithms," in IEEE Latin America Transactions. 19(4): 688-696. DOI: 10.1109/TLA.2021.9448552
J. -S. Kim, J. -M. Shin, S. -H. Choi and Y. -H. Choi, 2022. "A Study on Prevention and Automatic Recovery of Blockchain Networks Against Persistent Censorship Attacks," in IEEE Access. 10: 110770-110784. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3214213
X. Jiang, A. Sun, Y. Sun, H. Luo and M. Guizani, 2023. "A Trust-Based Hierarchical Consensus Mechanism for Consortium Blockchain in Smart Grid," in Tsinghua Science and Technology. 28(1): 69-81. DOI: 10.26599/TST.2021.9010074
S. H. Alsamhi et al., 2023. "Blockchain-Empowered Security and Energy Efficiency of Drone Swarm Consensus for Environment Exploration," in IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking. 7(1): 328-338. DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2022.3195479
Balani, N., Chavan, P., and Ghonghe, M., 2022. Design of high-speed blockchain-based sidechaining peer to peer communication protocol over 5G networks. In Multimedia Tools and Applications. 81(25): 36699–36713. DOI: 10.1007/s11042-021-11604-6
