THE EXOSKELETON HAND FOR PARALYSED FINGERS: AN OVERVIEW AND IOT BASED APPLICATION FOR PRACTICAL EXAMPLE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v14.20955Keywords:
Overview, Exoskeleton Hand, Paralysed Finger, Solidworks, 3D Printer.Abstract
Restoring finger mobility is crucial for overall movement recovery, particularly for individuals with paralyzed fingers, as fingers are instrumental in grasping and releasing actions. This study begins by providing an overview of the current state of exoskeleton hand technology, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses. Subsequently, it introduces a novel exoskeleton hand with integrated IoT capabilities, focusing on four fingers: the index, middle, ring, and small fingers to address paralysis. The IoT functionality is achieved using the Blynk application, allowing remote control of the exoskeleton hand via a mobile phone. Successful remote-control demonstrations showcase optimal responses during gripping and releasing motions. This study offers an efficient alternative for the rehabilitation process, empowering patients to regain control over their paralyzed fingers.
References
S. Anwer et al., 2022, “Rehabilitation of Upper Limb Motor Impairment in Stroke: A Narrative Review on the Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Economic Statistics of Stroke and State of the Art Therapies.,” Healthcare (Basel). 10(2):190. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10020190.
Pomeroy, V., et al., 2011, “Neurological Principles and Rehabilitation of Action Disorders: Rehabilitation Interventions. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, “25(5 Suppl): 33S-43S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968311410942
Maier, M., Ballester, B. R., & Verschure, P. F. M. J., 2019, “Principles of Neurorehabilitation After Stroke Based on Motor Learning and Brain Plasticity Mechanisms.,” Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 13, 74. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2019.00074
Takeuchi, N., & Izumi, S.-I., 2013, “Rehabilitation with Poststroke Motor Recovery: A Review with a Focus on Neural Plasticity.,” Stroke Research and Treatment, 2013: 128641. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/128641
Lee, S. W., Landers, K. A., & Park, H.-S., 2014, “Development of a Biomimetic Hand Exotendon Device (BiomHED) for Restoration of Functional Hand Movement Post-Stroke.,” IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 22(4): 886-898. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2014.2298362
McConnell, A., Kong, X., & Vargas, P., 2014, “A Novel Robotic Assistive Device for Stroke-Rehabilitation. In Proceedings - IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (pp. 917-923). https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2014.6926370
Mak, A. F. T., Zhang, M., & Leung, A. K. L., 2003, “Artificial Limbs. In Comprehensive Structural Integrity: Nine Volume Set.1-9: 329-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043749-4/09065-0
Sobinov, A. R., & Bensmaia, S. J., 2021, “The Neural Mechanisms of Manual Dexterity.,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 22(12): 741-757. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00528-7
Feigin, V. L., Norrving, B., & Mensah, G. A., 2017, “Global Burden of Stroke.,” Circulation Research, 120(3), 439-448. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308413
Prabhakaran, S., et al., 2008, “Inter-Individual Variability in the Capacity for Motor Recovery After Ischemic Stroke.,” Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 22(1): 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968307305302
Dobkin, B. H., 2005, “Clinical practice. Rehabilitation after stroke.,” The New England Journal of Medicine, 352(16): 1677–1684. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp043511
Langhorne, P., Coupar, F., & Pollock, A., 2009, “Motor recovery after stroke: A systematic review.,” The Lancet Neurology, 8(8): 741–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70150-4
Aoyagi, D., Ichinose, W. E., Harkema, S. J., Reinkensmeyer, D. J., & Bobrow, J. E., 2007, “A robot and control algorithm that can synchronously assist in naturalistic motion during body-weight-supported gait training following neurologic injury.,” IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 15(3) :387–400. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2007.903922
Polygerinos, P., Galloway, K. C., Sanan, S., Herman, M., & Walsh, C. J., 2015, “EMG controlled soft robotic glove for assistance during activities of daily living.,” In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR) (pp. 55-60). Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2015.7281175
Polygerinos, P., Wang, Z., Galloway, K. C., Wood, R. J., & Walsh, C. J., 2015, “Soft robotic glove for combined assistance and at-home rehabilitation.,” Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 73: 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2014.08.014
Leonardis, D., et al., 2015, “An EMG-Controlled Robotic Hand Exoskeleton for Bilateral Rehabilitation.,” IEEE Transactions on Haptics, 8(2): 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1109/TOH.2015.2417570
Ramos-Murguialday, A., et al., 2013, “Brain-machine interface in chronic stroke rehabilitation: A controlled study.,” Annals of Neurology, 74(1): 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.23879
Fritz, S. L., Light, K. E., Patterson, T. S., Behrman, A. L., & Davis, S. B., 2005, “Active finger extension predicts outcomes after constraint-induced movement therapy for individuals with hemiparesis after stroke.,” Stroke, 36(6): 1172–1177. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000165922.96430.d0
[Merians, A. S., et al., 2002, “Virtual reality-augmented rehabilitation for patients following stroke.,” Physical Therapy, 82(9), 898–915.
Li, L., Hu, C., Leung, K. W. C., & Tong, R. K. Y., 2022, “Immediate Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation-Assisted Cycling on the Paretic Muscles of Patients with Hemiparesis After Stroke: Evidence from Electrical Impedance Myography.,” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14: 880221. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.880221
Marchal-Crespo, L., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J., 2009, “Review of Control Strategies for Robotic Movement Training After Neurologic Injury.,” Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 6(1): 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-6-20
Sarakoglou, I., Brygo, A., Mazzanti, D., Hernandez, N. G., Caldwell, D. G., & Tsagarakis, N. G., 2016, “HEXOTRAC: A Highly Under-Actuated Hand Exoskeleton for Finger Tracking and Force Feedback.,” In 2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (pp. 1033-1040). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2016.7759176
Sarac, M., Solazzi, M., Leonardis, D., Sotgiu, E., Bergamasco, M., & Frisoli, A., 2017, “Design of an Underactuated Hand Exoskeleton with Joint Estimation.,” In Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics. 47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48375-7_11
Rea, P., 2011, “On the Design of Underactuated Finger Mechanisms for Robotic Hands.,” In H. Martinez-Alfaro (Ed.), Advances in Mechatronics. Rijeka: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/24304
Long, H., Wang, C., & Zhang, Y., 2023, “Solution for Improving Wearing Comfort of Hands Exoskeleton.,” Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 38: 894-901. https://doi.org/10.54097/hset.v38i.5975
Wang, D., Meng, Q., Meng, Q., Li, X., & Yu, H., 2018, “Design and Development of a Portable Exoskeleton for Hand Rehabilitation.,” IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 26(12): 2376–2386. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2018.2878778
Petre, I., Deaconescu, A., Sârbu, F. A., & Tudor, D., 2018, “Pneumatic Muscle Actuated Wrist Rehabilitation Equipment Based on the Fin Ray Principle.,” Strojniski Vestnik/Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 64: 383-392. https://doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2017.5123
Borboni, A., Mor, M., & Faglia, R., 2016, “Gloreha-Hand Robotic Rehabilitation: Design, Mechanical Model, and Experiments.,” Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 138. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4033831
Arifin, F., & Azharuddin., 2013, “The Excellences of Exoskeletons for Medical Equipment.”
Tong, R. K. Y., Yeung, L. F., Ockenfeld, C. U., Ho, S. K., Wai, H. W., & Pang, M. K. P., 2019, “Exoskeleton Ankle Robot (Patent No. US 10426637).,” Retrieved from https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/bc/f1/52/40c78da4aca5ae/US10426637.pdf
Schabowsky, C. N., Godfrey, S. B., Holley, R. J., & Lum, P. S., 2010, “Development and pilot testing of HEXORR: Hand Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Robot.,” Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 7(1): 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-7-36
Chiri, A., Vitiello, N., Giovacchini, F., Roccella, S., Vecchi, F., & Carrozza, M. C., 2012, “Mechatronic Design and Characterization of the Index Finger Module of a Hand Exoskeleton for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation.,” IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 17(5): 884–894. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMECH.2011.2144614
Fu, Y., Wang, P., Wang, S., Liu, H., & Zhang, F., 2007, “Design and development of a portable exoskeleton-based CPM machine for rehabilitation of hand injuries.,” In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). 1476–1481. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBIO.2007.4522382
Brokaw, E., Black, I., Holley, R., & Lum, P., 2011, “Hand Spring Operated Movement Enhancer (HandSOME): A Portable, Passive Hand Exoskeleton for Stroke Rehabilitation.,” IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 19: 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2011.2157705
Wege, A., & Hommel, G., 2005, “Development and control of a hand exoskeleton for rehabilitation of hand injuries.,” In 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. 3046-3051. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2005.1545506
Iqbal, J., Khan, H., Tsagarakis, N., & Caldwell, D., 2014, “A Novel Exoskeleton Robotic System for Hand Rehabilitation – Conceptualization to Prototyping.,” Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2014.01.003
Li, J., Zheng, R., Zhang, Y., & Yao, J., 2011, “IHandRehab: An Interactive Hand Exoskeleton for Active and Passive Rehabilitation.,” In IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, 2011. 5975387. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2011.5975387
Arata, J., Ohmoto, K., Gassert, R., Lambercy, O., Fujimoto, H., & Wada, I., 2013, “A New Hand Exoskeleton Device for Rehabilitation Using a Three-Layered Sliding Spring Mechanism.,” In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. 3902–3907. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2013.6631126
Cempini, M., Marzegan, A., Rabuffetti, M., Cortese, M., Vitiello, N., & Ferrarin, M., 2014, “Analysis of Relative Displacement Between the HX Wearable Robotic Exoskeleton and the User’s Hand.,” Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 11: 147. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-11-147
Sarac, M., Solazzi, M., Sotgiu, E., Bergamasco, M., & Frisoli, A., 2017, “Design and Kinematic Optimization of a Novel Underactuated Robotic Hand Exoskeleton.,” Meccanica, 52(3): 749–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-016-0530-z
Lambercy, O., et al., 2007, “Development of a Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation Therapy to Train Hand Function for Activities of Daily Living.,” In 2007 IEEE 10th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics .678-682. Noordwijk, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2007.4428498
Tran, P., Jeong, S., Herrin, K. R., & Desai, J. P., 2021, “Review: Hand Exoskeleton Systems, Clinical Rehabilitation Practices, and Future Prospects.,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics, 3(3): 606–622. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMRB.2021.3100625
Oujamaa, L., Relave, I., Froger, J., Mottet, D., & Pelissier, J.-Y., 2009, “Rehabilitation of Arm Function After Stroke. Literature Review.,” Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 52(3): 269–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2008.10.003
Chu, C.-Y., & Patterson, R. M., 2018, “Soft Robotic Devices for Hand Rehabilitation and Assistance: A Narrative Review.,” Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 15(1): 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-018-0350-6
du Plessis, T., Djouani, K., & Oosthuizen, C., 2021, “A Review of Active Hand Exoskeletons for Rehabilitation and Assistance.,” Robotics, 10(1) https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics10010040
Jacob, S., et al., 2021, “AI and IoT-Enabled Smart Exoskeleton System for Rehabilitation of Paralyzed People in Connected Communities.,” IEEE Access, 9: 80340 80350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3083093
Khan, A. A., Faheem, M., Bashir, R. N., Wechtaisong, C., & Abbas, M. Z., 2022, “Internet of Things (IoT) Assisted Context Aware Fertilizer Recommendation.,” IEEE Access, 10: 129505–129519. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3228160
Khan, Arfat Ahmad, & Wechtaisong, Chitapong, 2021, “A Cost-Efficient Environment Monitoring Robotic Vehicle for Smart Industries.,” Computers, Materials and Continua, 71: 473–487. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2022.020903
Khan, A., & Khan, F., 2022, “A Cost-Efficient Radiation Monitoring System for Nuclear Sites: Designing and Implementation.,” Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, 32: 1357–1367. https://doi.org/10.32604/iasc.2022.022958
Standring, S. (Ed.), 2016, “Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice,“ Forty-First Edition. Elsevier Limited. [Philadelphia]