RADIALLY-DIRECTED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR LIGHTWEIGHT MOBILE WIRELESS CONTROL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v14.20996Keywords:
Micropatch antenna, CST Studio, Reflection coefficient, VSWR, Impedance, Radiation patternAbstract
In the realm of wireless communication, the continuous evolution driven by the rapid advancements in information technology over the past few decades has led to an ever-growing reliance on various digital technologies such as WiFi, GSM, LTE, IoT, 5G, and mmWave for communication connectivity. This technological expansion finds significant application in the transportation sector, where smart and automated systems demand efficient communication for enhanced efficiency, safety, and reliability, encompassing both vehicle-infrastructure interactions and broadband services. However, this progress poses challenges encompassing security, spectrum utilization, energy efficiency, and communication infrastructure. The critical role of antennas in enabling radio wave-based communication is evident, necessitating compact, integrated, and polarization-responsive designs with substantial bandwidth and high gain. Here, the microstrip patch antenna emerges as a solution, offering attributes like favorable return loss, high efficiency, and directional radiation patterns. The design, at dimensions of 50 mm × 60 mm within a single-layer FR-4 PCB of 1.4 mm thickness, undergoes simulations using CST Studio. The resultant data includes current signal output, gain, radiation pattern, and parameters for potential design optimization. Simulation findings indicate a resonant frequency of 433 MHz with an S11 value of -40.727 dB, a VSWR value of 1.018 at 433 MHz, and an impedance of 50.05 ohms. The radiation pattern showcases elevated gain radially and diminished axial gain, indicating optimal signal transmission perpendicular to its axis. Additionally, the analysis of electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields offers insights into the antenna's radiation characteristics. This work addresses challenges in modern wireless communication, providing a promising microstrip patch antenna solution supported by quantitative simulations, heralding the prospect of enhanced wireless control and communication in lightweight mobile applications.
References
Z. Ghassemlooy, S. Zvanovec, M.-A. Khalighi, W. O. Popoola, and J. Perez, 2017 “Optical wireless communication systems,” Optik, 151: 1–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.11.052.
C. Wu and C.-F. Lai, 2022, “A survey on improving the wireless communication with adaptive antenna selection by intelligent method,” Computer Communications, 181: 374–403, DOI: 10.1016/j.comcom.2021.10.034.
C. Briso-Rodríguez, K. Guan, Y. Xuefeng, and T. Kürner, 2017 “Wireless Communications in Smart Rail Transportation Systems,” Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing,2017: e6802027, DOI: 10.1155/2017/6802027.
C. Briso-Rodríguez, K. Guan, T. Kurner, and Y. Xuefeng, 2017 “Wireless Communications in Transportation Systems,” Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing, 2017: e4391402, DOI: 10.1155/2017/4391402.
A. U. H. Sheikh, 2004, “Antennas for Mobile Radio Systems,” in Wireless Communications: Theory and Techniques, A. U. H. Sheikh, Ed., Boston, MA: Springer US. 287–306. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9152-2_6.
D. B. da Costa and H.-C. Yang, 2020 “Grand Challenges in Wireless Communications,” Frontiers in Communications and Networks, 1. Accessed: Jul. 01, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frcmn.2020.00001
S. Puri, K. Kaur, and N. Kumar, 2014 “A Review of Antennas for Wireless Communication Devices,” International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2: 199–201, DOI: 10.12720/ijeee.2.3.199-201.
M. P. Joshi and V. J. Gond, 2017 “Microstrip patch antennas for wireless communication: A review,” in 2017 International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICEI), 96–99. DOI: 10.1109/ICOEI.2017.8300853.
K. Anusury, S. Dollapalli, H. Survi, A. Kothari, and P. Peshwe, 2019 “Microstrip Patch Antenna For 2.4GHz Using Slotted Ground Plane,” in 2019 10th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/ICCCNT45670.2019.8944653.
N. Parmar, M. Saxena, and K. Nayak, 2014. “Review of Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN and WiMAX Application,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4(1): 168–171.
S. Abdulkareem, 2013. “Design and Fabrication of Printed Fractal Slot Antennas for Dual-band Communication Applications,” University of Technology Baghdad, Thesis,
F. H. Raab et al., 2002 “HF, VHF, and UHF systems and technology,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 50(3): 888–899. Mar., DOI: 10.1109/22.989972.
P. Sanghera, 2007, “Chapter 6 - RFID+ Selecting the RFID System Design,” in RFID+ Study Guide and Practice Exams, P. Sanghera, Ed., Rockland: Syngress, 135–166. DOI: 10.1016/B978-159749134-1.50010-4.
W.-K. Chen, 2005. Ed., “II - Antenna Elements and Arrays,” in The Electrical Engineering Handbook, Burlington: Academic Press, 569–583. DOI: 10.1016/B978-012170960-0/50043-8.
R. NishaBegam and R. Srithulasiraman, 2015 “The study of microstrip antenna and their applications,” in 2015 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET), 1–3. DOI: 10.1109/GET.2015.7453852.
A. Mohammed et al., 2019. “Microstrip Patch Antenna: A Review and the Current State of the Art,” Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems. 11: 510–524.
G. Geetharamani and T. Aathmanesan, 2019. “Design of Novel Patch Antenna For 3.8 GHz UAV Wi-Max Applications,” ICTACT Journal on Microelectronics, 05(02): 5.
[18] L. Y. Sabila, M. M. Amri, A. Yudhana, A. Akrima, and I. P. Pratama, 2023. “Analysis of Radiation Structure of Circular Microstrip Antenna using Characteristic Mode Analysis for ISM Band,” ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika., 11(1): 100–112.
T. Badreddine, H. Zahra, and G. Tahar, 2023, “Design of a Novel Efficient High-Gain Ultra-Wide-Band Slotted H-Shaped Printed 2×1 Array Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications with Improvement of Bandwidth and Gain via the Feed Line and Elliptical Edges,” Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 55(1): 60–78, DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.7.
S. Sekkal, L. Canale, M. E. Halaoui, O. Bendaou, and A. Asselman, 2021 “Design and Modeling of a Flexible Conductive Fabric Antenna Integrated in an OLED Light Source for WIMAX Wireless Communication Systems,”Optics and Photonics Journal, 11(9). DOI: 10.4236/opj.2021.119030.
B. Kamo, S. Cakaj, V. Kolici, and E. Mulla, 2012, “Simulation and Measurements of VSWR for Microwave Communication Systems,” International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, 5: 767-773 DOI: 10.4236/ijcns.2012.511080.
Yichuang Sun and Wai Kit Lau, 1998. “Evolutionary tuning method for automatic impedance matching in communication systems,” in 1998 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 73–77. DOI: 10.1109/ICECS.1998.813939.
B. Wang and Z. Cao, 2019 “A Review of Impedance Matching Techniques in Power Line Communications,” Electronics, 8(9): 1022. DOI: 10.3390/electronics8091022.
E. D. Nwalike, K. A. Ibrahim, F. Crawley, Q. Qin, P. Luk, and Z. Luo, 2023, “Harnessing Energy for Wearables: A Review of Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting Technologies,” Energies, 16(15): 5711 DOI: 10.3390/en16155711.
A. Bakkali, J. Pelegri-Sebastia, T. Sogorb, V. Llario, and A. Bou-Escriva,2016 “A Dual-Band Antenna for RF Energy Harvesting Systems in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Journal of Sensors, 2016. Article ID 5725836. DOI: 10.1155/2016/5725836.
W.-S. Lee, H.-L. Lee, K.-S. Oh, and J.-W. Yu, 2012, “Switchable Distance-Based Impedance Matching Networks for a Tunable HF System,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 128: 19–34. DOI: 10.2528/PIER12041205.
A. Bensky, 2019. “Chapter 3 - Antennas and transmission lines,” in Short-range Wireless Communication (Third Edition), A. Bensky, Ed., Newnes, 43–83. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-815405-2.00003-8.
G. Breed, 2007. “There’s Nothing Magic About 50 Ohms,” High Frequency Electronics, 6-7.
S. Benouakta, S. Koley, F. Hutu, and Y. Duroc. 2019 “Considerations on the equivalent electric models of a UHF RFID Helical Antenna Yarn,” in 14-th International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems, Jul 2019, Iasi, Romania. 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/ISSCS.2019.8801787.
P. J. Wolcott, Z. Wang, L. Zhang, and M. J. Dapino, 2013 “Radio frequency patch antenna reconfiguration with Ni–Ti shape memory alloy switches,” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 24(8): 973–983, DOI: 10.1177/1045389X12461074.
E. Andersson, 2018. “A systematic approach to quantitatively compare antenna measurements with simulations,” Halmstad University, Sweden, Accessed: Aug. 10, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1221209/FULLTEXT02
D. B. Miron, 2006, “Antenna Fundamentals I,” in Small Antenna Design, 9–41. D. B. Miron, Ed., Burlington: Newnes, DOI: 10.1016/B978-075067861-2/50004-0.
B. Ali Esmail et al., 2020, “Reconfigurable Radiation Pattern of Planar Antenna Using Metamaterial for 5G Applications,” Materials, 13(3): 582, DOI: 10.3390/ma13030582.
U. Chakraborty, S. Chatterjee, S. K. Chowdhury, and P. P. Sarkar, 2011. “A Comact Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, 18: 211–220, DOI: 10.2528/PIERC10101205
