MECHANICAL TREATMENT ON ASTM A128 GRADE C WITH DISPERSED HARDENED AUSTENITE ON THE GRAIN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v14.21734Keywords:
austenitic manganese steel, cold rolling, dispersed hardened auseniteAbstract
This study examined the mechanical characteristics of ASTM A128 Grade C austenitic manganese steel with dispersed hardened austenite by cold rolling. Dispersed hardened austenite results from two-stage heating. The first stage heated, carbide at the grain boundaries transformed to pearlite at 625°C for 3.5 hours, while the second stage was heated at 1000°C for 1.5 hours and cooled with water to generate dispersed hardened austenite. Mechanical cold rolling on two-stage heated material develops martensite, as shown by XRD and qualitative magnetic tests. Hardness increased by 37% compared to two heating sessions. Even though cracks had developed over the cross-section, rolling to 53.6% increased hardness 132% more than two heating phases. Orange peeling, which occurs when the material's surface shrinks due to martensitic transformation, slip, and twinning, indicates that the surface is more brittle than the inside.
References
D. K. Subramanyam, A. E. Swansiger, and H. S. Avery, 1990. “Austenitic manganese steels,” ASM International.
C. Chen, F. C. Zhang, F. Wang, H. Liu, and B. D. Yu, 2017. “Effect of N+ Cr alloying on the microstructures and tensile properties of Hadfield steel,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 679: 95–103.
S. Hosseini and M. B. Limooei, 2011. “Optimization of heat treatment to obtain desired mechanical properties of high carbon Hadfield steels,” World Applied Science Journal. 15(10): 1421–1424.
Y. N. Dastur and W. C. Leslie, 1981. “Mechanism of work hardening in Hadfield manganese steel,” Metallurgical transactions A, 12: 749–759,
B. Hutchinson and N. Ridley, 2006. “On dislocation accumulation and work hardening in Hadfield steel,” Scripta Materialia, 55(4): 299–302.
Y. H. Wen, H. B. Peng, H. T. Si, R. L. Xiong, and D. Raabe, 2014. “A novel high manganese austenitic steel with higher work hardening capacity and much lower impact deformation than Hadfield manganese steel,” Material Design. 55: 798–804.
W. Yan, L. Fang, K. Sun, and Y. Xu, 2007. “Effect of surface work hardening on wear behavior of Hadfield steel,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 460: 542–549.
W. Zhang, J. Wu, Y. Wen, J. Ye, and N. Li, 2010. “Characterization of different work hardening behavior in AISI 321 stainless steel and Hadfield steel,” Journal of Materal Science. 45: 3433–3437.
C. Chen, B. Lv, H. Ma, D. Sun, and F. Zhang, 2018. “Wear behavior and the corresponding work hardening characteristics of Hadfield steel,” Tribology International. 121: 389–399.
Ilham Lukman Nur Hakim and Budi Hartono Setiamarga, 2020. “Study of The Effect Double Step Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Manganese Steel ASTM A-128 Grade C,” Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung.
G. E. Dieter and D. Bacon, 1976. Mechanical metallurgy.3. McGraw-hill New York.
M. Sabzi, S. M. Far, and S. M. Dezfuli, 2018. “Effect of melting temperature on microstructural evolutions, behavior and corrosion morphology of Hadfield austenitic manganese steel in the casting process,” International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials, 25: 1431–1438.
S. Kuyucak, 2004. “Austenitic Manganese Steel Castings,” in Metallography and Microstructures, 701–708. ASM International, doi: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003768.
J. R. Davis, K. M. Mills, and S. R. Lampman, 1990. “Metals handbook. Vol. 1. Properties and selection: irons, steels, and high-performance alloys,” ASM International, 1063. Materials Park, Ohio 44073, USA.
A. Kamyabi-Gol and M. Sheikh-Amiri, 2010. “Spheroidizing kinetics and optimization of heat treatment parameters in CK60 steel using taguchi robust design,” Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 17(4): 45–52.
H. Bhadeshia and R. Honeycombe, 2017. Steels: microstructure and properties. Butterworth-Heinemann.
M. Abbasi, S. Kheirandish, Y. Kharrazi, and J. Hejazi, 2009. “The fracture and plastic deformation of aluminum alloyed Hadfield steels,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 513: 72–76.
C. H. Shih, B. L. Averbach, and M. Cohen, 1955. “Work Hardening and Martensite Formation in Austenitic Manganese Alloys,” Wright Air Development Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, MA, USA.
H. Bhadeshia and C. M. Wayman, 2014. “Phase transformations: nondiffusive,” in Physical metallurgy, 1021–1072. Elsevier.
S. Allain, J.-P. Chateau, O. Bouaziz, S. Migot, and N. Guelton, 2004. “Correlations between the calculated stacking fault energy and the plasticity mechanisms in Fe–Mn–C alloys,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 387: 158–162.
I. Karaman, H. Sehitoglu, A. J. Beaudoin, Y. I. Chumlyakov, H. J. Maier, and C. N. Tome, 2000. “Modeling the deformation behavior of Hadfield steel single and polycrystals due to twinning and slip,” Acta Mater, 48(9): 2031–2047.
G. Aggen et al., 2005. “ASM Handbook, Volume 1, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High Performance Alloys Section: Publication Information and Contributors Publication Information and Contributors Authors and Reviewers,” ASM International.
M. R. Sridhar and M. M. Yovanovich, 1996. “Empirical methods to predict Vickers microhardness,” Wear. 193(1): 91–98.
