SEISMIC MAPPING FOR TELECOMMUNICATION TOWERS IN MALAYSIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v25.15842Keywords:
Earthquakes, seismic mapping, peak ground acceleration, telecommunication towers, tower maintenance.Abstract
Natural disaster like earthquake can affect the telecommunication facilities seriously. Although Malaysia is generally spared from major seismic activities, earthquakes events in neighboring countries can be felt locally. This has raised a major concern whether the existing structures being able to withstand earthquake effects in future. A proper management of telecommunication structures will allow transmission of news is not affected during the disaster strikes. Using the existing Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) map, a seismic map locating all telecommunication towers in the country was developed. The outcome will aid in the subsequent part of the study and will also enable the researcher to identify the location of the most critical towers in the various seismic zones that may have great impact upon exposure from earthquakes events. It will also aid in defining priorities and establish programs to apply available resources for tower maintenance purposes nationwide. The necessary steps and mitigation action also can be taken to assists the relevant authority in making preparation from an emergency-management and hazard-preparedness perspective considering earthquake effects in MalaysiaReferences
Adnan,A., Hendriyawan and Masyhur,I, (2005). The Effect of the Latest Sumatra Earthquake to Malaysian Peninsular, Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 15 No.2.
Adnan, A., Hendriyawan, Marto, A. and Masyhur, I, (2006). Development of Seismic Hazard Map for Peninsular Malaysia. Proceeding on Malaysian Science and Technology
Congress. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 18-26 September.
AISC Web Site, http://www.aisc.org [cited January 2009]
Amiri, G.G.,(1997). Seismic Sensitivity of Tall Guyed Telecommunication Towers. Ph.D Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University. Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Amiri, G.G., Zahedi, M.A., and Jalali, R.S., (2004). Multiple- Support Seismic Excitation of Tall Guyed Telecommunication Towers. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,
Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada, August 1-6, 2004, Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 212.
Amiri, G.G., Barkhordari, M.A., Massah,S.R., and Vafaei,M.R., (2007). Earthquake Amplification Factors for Self-Supporting 4-Legged Telecommunication Towers. World
Applied Sciences Journal 2 (6): 635-643.
ASEAN Earthquake Information Centre (AEIC) Web Site, http/www.aeic.org/ [cited April 10]
ASCE Standards [ASCE/SEI 7-10], Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia.
ASCE Manual and Report on Engineering Practice No 72 (ASCE Manual 72). (1990). Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures, 2nd. Ed., American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston,
Virgina.
ASCE Manual and Report on Engineering Practice No 74 (ASCE Manual 74). (1991). Guidelines for Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virgina.
Assi,R. and McClure,G. (2007). A Simplified Method for Seismic Analysis of Rooftop Telecommunication Towers. Canadian Journal. Civil Engineering 34: 1352-1363.
Board of Engineers Malaysia, March, 2008. Jurutera Bulletin, BEM, Malaysia. Delfebriyadi, (2011) "Seismic Hazard Assessment Of Kuala Lumpur Using Probabilistic Method" Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 23 (2) pp. 39-53
European Standards [EN 1998-1], Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake ResistancePart
: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings. Supersedes ENV 1998-1- 1:1994, ENV 1998-1-2:1994,ENV 1998-1-3:1995, December (2004).
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Web Site, http://www.eeri.org/
Executive Report on Typhoon and Earthquake Disaster, 30th September, 2009, (2009). Fire Department Headquarters, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
Faridafshin,F. and Mc. Clure,G, (2008). Seismic Response of Tall Guyed Masts to Asynchronous Multiple-Support and Vertical Ground Motions ASCE, Journal of Structural Engineering.
Galvez C, Mc Clure, G. (1995). A Simplifield Method for Aseismic Design of Self-Supporting Lattice Telecommunication Towers. Proceedings of the 7th Canadian Conference ob
Earthquake Engineering, Montreal, Canada, p. 541-548.
Gobbet, D.J. and Tjia, H.D., 1973. Tectonic History. Chapter 10 in Gobbet, D.J. and Hutchinson, C.S. (Eds), Geology of the Malay Peninsula. Wiley-Interscience, New York. p 305-334.
Hiramtsu,K., Sato, Y., Akagi, H., and Tomita, S. (1989). Seismic Response Observation of Building Appendage. In Proceedings of the 9th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Tokyo, 2-9 August 1988. Japan Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention, Tokyo. Vol. 6, pp.237-242.
Hiroyuki,F., Shunishi,K., Shin,A., Nobuyuki,M., Senna,S., Kyoko, K., Toru,I., Toshihiko, O and Yuzura, H, 2006. National Seismic Hazard Maps of Japan, Japan, Vol. 81, pp. 221-
International Code Council. (2000). International Building Code 2000. International Code Council, International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA, and others.
Institution of Engineers Malaysia, (2005). Position Paper on Issues Related to Earthquake, IEM, Malaysia.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE). (1995). Preliminary Report on the Great Hanshin Earthquake January 17, 1995. Japan Society of Civil Engineers 1995.
Kanazawa,K., and Hirata, K. (2000). Seismic Analysis for Telecommunication Towers Built on the Building. In Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,
Auckland, New Zealand, 30 January-4 February, 2000. New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Upper Hutt, New Zealand. Paper 0534.
Kehdr,M.A., and McClure,G (1999). Earthquake Amplification Factors for Self-Supporting Telecommunciation Towers. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 1999; 26(2): pp. 208-
Komoo, I., Salleh, H., Tjia, H.D., Aziz, S., Tongkul, F., Jamaluddin, T.A. and Lim, C.S., (2005).
Kundasang Landslide Complex: Mechanism, Socio-Economic Impact and Governance (in Malay).
Konno,T., and Kimura, E. (1973). Earthquake Effects on Steel Structures Atop Buildings. In Proceedings of the 5th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, 25-29 July
Ministry of Public Works, Rome. Italy. Vol. 1,pp.184-193.
Lim, P.S., 1977. Earth Tremors in Eastern Sabah. Annual Report 1976, Geoglogical Survey Malaysia, National Printing Department, Kuching, Malaysia. p.220-223.
Lim, P.S. and Godwin,P. 1992. The Ranau Earthquake Swarm, May-July,1991, Sabah. Proc 23rd Geoglogical Survey Malaysia, No. 4, p. 163-193.
Luin, C.C (2008). Seismic Effects: A Threat to Local Structures? Jurutera, Institution of Engineers Malaysia Volume 3, p.6.
Mikus, J. (1994). Seismic Analysis of Self-Supporting Telecommunication Towers. M. Eng. Project Report G94-10, Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill
University, Montreal, Canada.
McClure, G. (1999). “Earthquake-resistant design of towers.†Proc., Meeting of IASS Working Group 4 on Masts and Towers.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (1995). The January 1995 HyogokenNanbu
(Kobe) earthquake performance: performance of structures, lifelines, and fire protection systems. NIST Special Publication 901, United States National Institute of
Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, July 1996.
NRC/IRC National Research Council of Canada / Institute of Research in Construction (2005). National Building Code of Canada 2005, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
PEMANDU, (2010). The Government Transformation Programme (GTP) Annual Report 2010. July 18, 2011.
Public Works Department Malaysia, (2008). Seismic Design Guidelines for Concrete Buildings in Malaysia. (JKR20601-0184-09).
Sato,Y., Fuse,T., and Akagi, H. (1984). Building Appendage Seismic Design Forced Based on Observed Floor Response. In Proceedings of the 8th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, San Fransisco, California, 21-28 July 1984. Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. pp. 1167-1174.
Sackmann, V. (1996). Prediction of Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes of Self-Supporting Lattice Telecommunication Tower. M. Eng. Project, 1996. Department of Civil
Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
Schiff, S.D. (1988). Seismic Design Studies of Low-Rise Steel Frames. PhD Thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Smith, B. W. (2007). Communication Structures, Thomas Telford Publishing Ltd, London.
Standard Operation Procedure for Managing Earthquake Disaster, December, (2007). National Security Council, Malaysian Prime Minister’s Office, Kuala Lumpur.
TIA Standards, Structural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas, Telecommunication Industry Association, TIA-222-G, (Revision of TIA-22-F) August
(2005) (Revision of TIA-222-F) April (2007).
Telekom Malaysia Asset Management System, TM TeAMS Web Site, http://intra.tm.teams/ [cited January 2009]
USGS Web Site, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/ [cited June 2009]