INVESTIGATION ON THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF PALM KERNEL SHELL CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v30.16029Keywords:
Palm kernel shell concrete, flexural strength, compressive strength, density, beams.Abstract
An increase in the cost of conventional aggregate and the resulting environmental ecological imbalance has propelled research in the use of organic and industrial wastes as alternatives. The use of palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC) for structural applications such as beams is yet to be explored, mainly as a result of fewer research in the flexural strength of PKSC. This study investigates the flexural strength of palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC) for structural applications such as beams. Standard 150 x 150 x 150mm cube size and 100 x 100 x 500mm prisms of PKSC samples were casted at 1:1:2 mix ratio at water cement ratio of 0.5, and tested at age of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days according to BS EN 12390 – 3 (2002) and BS EN 12390 - 5 (2000). Method of batch by volume was adopted. At 28 days, the results show that the PKSC beam can support a load of 3981N with a deflection and flexural strength of 0.947mm and 2.883N/mm2 respectively. Also, the theoretical values of flexural strength and deflection compares well with the experimental values. A power equation in the form y = axn relating flexural strength with compressive strength produced a R2 value of 0.94 and relative predictive error of 0.028, the latter compares well with ACI 363 (1992) minimum value of 0.026 for power equations.References
ACI 363 (1992). Report on High-Strength Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp.56.
Alengaram, U.J., Jumaat, M.Z., and Mahmud, H. (2008). Influence of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate Content on Compressive Strength of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete. Journal of the Applied Science. Vol. 8(18), pp. 3207-3213.
Alengaram, U.J., Al-Muhit, B.A., and Zamin bn Jumaat, M. (2013). Utilization of oil palm kernel shell as lightweight aggregate in concrete – A review. Construction and Building Materials. Vol. 38. pp. 161 – 172.
ASTM C33. (2008). Specification for Concrete Aggregates
Babatunde, O.Y. (2013). Effect of 1:1:2 water cement ratio on the compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete. Bachelor of Engineering Project Report. Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology. University of Ilorin.
BS 812 – 2:1995. Method of determination of Density. British Standards Institute. London. U. K.
BS 812-109:1990. Testing Concrete - Methods for Determination of Moisture Content. British Standards Institute, London, U. K.
BS 812-103.1:1985. Methods for Determination of Particle Size Distribution. British Standards Institute, London, U. K.
BS 882:1992. Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete. British Standards Institute, London, U. K.
BS 1881–102:1983. Testing concrete – Method of determination of slump. British Standards Institute. London. U. K.
BS EN 12390-3: 2002. Testing hardened concrete - Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens. British Standards Institute. London. U. K.
BS EN 12390-5: 2000. Testing hardened concrete - Flexural strength of test specimens. British Standards Institute. London. U. K.
Idah, P.A., and Musa, J.J. (2010). Palm kernel shell as aggregate for light weigth concreteâ€. Nigeria Journal of Technological Development. Vol 7(2). pp 83 – 88.
Ikponmwosa, E.E., Salau, M.A., and Olomode, K.A. (2014). Suitability of Crushed Palm Kernel Shell as Coarse Aggregate in Structural Concrete. Current Advances in Civil Engineering.
Légeron, F., and Paultre, P. (2000). Prediction of modulus of rupture of concrete. American Concrete Institute of Materials. Vol. 97. pp. 193–200.
Ndoke, P. N. (2006). Performance of Palm Kernel Shells as a Partial Replacement for Coarse Aggregate in Asphalt Concrete. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, pp. 145-152. http:// lejpt.academicdirect.org
Neville, A.M. (2011). Properties of Aggregates. Fifth Edition. Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex CM 20 2JE, England.
Olanipekun, E.A., Olusola, K.O. and Ata, O. (2006). A comparative study of concrete properties using coconut shell and palm kernel shell as coarse aggregates. Building and Environment. Vol. 41. pp. 297–301
Osei, D.Y., and Jackson, E.N. (2012). Experimental Study on Palm Kernel Shells as Coarse Aggregates in Concrete. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3.
Oyejobi, D.O., Abdulkadir, T. S., Yusuf, I. T. and Badiru, M. J. (2012). Effects of Palm Kernel Shells Sizes and Mix Ratios on Lightweight Concrete. Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering.
Shafigh, P, Jumaat, M.Z and Mahmud, H. (2010). Mix design and mechanical properties of oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete: A review. International Journal of the Physical Sciences. Vol. 5(14). pp. 2127-2134
Teo, D.C.L., Mannan, M.A. and Kurian, V.J. (2006). Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Beams Made with Oil Palm Shell (OPS). Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology. Vol. 4(3)1-10.
William, F.N., Anum, E.A., Isa, R.B., and Obanibi., A.O. (2010). Suitability of palm kernel shell as coarse aggregate in lightweight concrete production. Civil and Environmental Research. Vol 6, No. 7.
Yusuf, I.T., and Jimoh, Y.A. (2014). Evaluation of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete Strength for Various Mixes and Water/cement Ratios with Non-Destructive Method, Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknology, Malaysia, 26(2), 186-197
Yusuf, I.T., Jimoh, Y.A., and Salami, A.W. (2016). An Appropriate Relationship between Flexural Strength and Compressive Strength of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2016(55), 1553-1562, www.elsevier.com/locate/aej
Yusuf, I.T., (2013). A Study of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete Characteristics with Destructive and Non-Destructive Methods. Ph.D. Thesis Presented to the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 240 pages.
