LABORATORY AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF CEMENT AND LIME ON THE PROPERTIES OF TROPICAL BLACK CLAY – IRON ORE TAILINGS MIXTURES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v32.16242Keywords:
Black cotton soil, Cement, Compaction characteristics, Correlation analysis, Iron ore tailings, Lime, Regression analysisAbstract
The need for cheaper and more economical soil improvement methods is of great significance in order to reduce the construction cost of flexible pavements. Also, major problems caused by industrial waste in Nigeria can be minimised by recycling or re-using of such wastes for soil improvement. The application of cement and lime along for such purpose has proven to increase the construction cost. Thus the use of industrial waste such as iron ore tailings (IOT) could aid in reducing the construction cost. Series of laboratory and statistical investigations were performed to compare the effect of cement and lime on the properties of tropical black clay (i.e. black cotton soil, BCS). Soil samples were admixed with up to 10 % IOT content and modified with up to 4 % each of cement and lime by dry weight of soil to evaluate their plasticity and compaction characteristics. Compaction was done with British Standard light (BSL) energy. Statistical tests for regression and correlation was achieved using Mini-tab R15 and Microsoft Excel software correspondingly. Results disclosed decreased in liquid limit and plastic limit. Liquid limit values of 56, 54.8, 54.5, 52.5, 52 and 51% were noted for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% IOT content. Similar trend was noted for 1, 2, 3 and 4% lime and cement concentrations. A rise in maximum dry density (MDD) and drop in optimum moisture content (OMC) with greater concentration of IOT for all the lime and cement contents under study was noted. Statistical analysis revealed that soil-lime-IOT mixtures gave higher predicted values than soil-cement-IOT mixture for determining plasticity and compaction characteristics of BCS – IOT mixtures. Thus, 4 % lime – 6 % IOT mixture met the criteria for flexible pavement purpose as proposed by Nigerian General Specifications and is recommended for used as pavement material for roads that are lightly trafficked. While the soil – cement - IOT mixes fell to meet the criteria for used as pavement material.
References
Chen, F. H: Foundation on Expansive Soils 1988. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., Amsterdam.
Nelson, D. and Miller, J. 1992. Expansive Soils: Problems and Practices in Foundation and Pavement Engineering. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
Warren, K. W. and Kirby, T. M.: Expansive clay soil 2004. A widespread and costly geohazard. Geostrata, Geo-Institute of the American Society Civil Engineers, Jan pp. 24-28.
Osinubi, K. J.: Lime Modification of Black Cotton Soil 1995. Spectrum Journal, Kaduna. 2,(1). 112 – 122.
Amadi, A. 2010. Evaluation of changes in Index Properties of Lateritic soil Stabilized with Fly Ash. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies. 69 – 78.
Neville, A.M.: Properties of Concrete. 4th ed. (low-price ed.) 2000. Pearson Education Asia Publication, England, Produced by Longman Malaysia.
Osinubi, K. J. and Stephen, A. T. 2007. Influence of compactive efforts on bagasse ash treated black cotton soil.†Nigerian Journal of Soil and Environmental Research. 7, 92 – 101.
Osinubi, K. J. Akinmade, O. B. and Eberemu A. O. 2009. Stabilization potential of locust bean waste ash on black cotton soil. Journal of Engineering Research, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 14(2 ) 1 – 13
Kumar S and Prasanna M. 2012. Silica and calcium effect on geo-technical properties of expansive soil extracted from rice husk ash IPCBEE, 32.
Cokca E. 2001. Use of class C fly ashes for the stabilization- of an expansive soil, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127, 568-573.
Salahudeen, A. B., Eberemu, A. O. and Osinubi, K. J. 2014. Assessment of cement kiln dust treated expansive soil for the construction of flexible pavements. Journal of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, GEGE, Springer International Publishing Switxerland, Online, DOI 10/1007/s10706-014-9769-0.
Osinubi, K. J., Yisa, G. L. and Eberemu, A. O.2014. Compaction behaviour of lateritic soil – iron ore tailing mixtures. Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Environmental Geotechnics, Theme: Lessons, Learning and Challenges, Congress Proceeding e-Book Editors Abdelmalek Bouazza, Sam Yuen, Bruce Brown. 10 - 14 November, Melbourne, Australia. Session 4B-7,1009 – 1016.
Osinubi, K. J., Yohanna, P and Eberemu, A. O. 2015. Cement Modification of Tropical Black Clay Using Iron Ore Tailing as Admixture. Journal of Transportation Geotechnics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2015.10.001 Elsevier Publishing Company. 5, 35-49.
Osinubi, K. J., Eberemu, A. O., Yohanna, P and Etim, R. K.2016. Reliability Estimate of Compaction Characteristics of Iron Ore Tailings Treated Tropical Black Clay As Road Pavement Sub-Base Material. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Geotechnical
Special Publication 271, 855-864.
BS 1377.1990.Methods of Testing Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes. British Standard Institution, London.
BS 1924 1990. Methods of Test for Stabilized Soils. British Standards Institute, London.
AASHTO. 1986. Standard Specification for Transportation, Material and Methods of Sampling and Testing. 14th Edition. Amsterdam Association of State Highway and Transportation Officia Washington D.C.
ASTM 1992. Annual Book of Standards Vol. 04.08, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
Czernin, W. 1962. Cement Chemistry and Physics For Civil Engineers, Crosby Lockwood, London.
Osinubi, K. J. 2006. Influence of Compactive Efforts on Lime-slag treated tropical black clay. Journal of materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, 18,(2),175 – 181.
Ishola, K. 2014. Modification Of Lateritic Soil With Iron Ore Tailing. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
Saeid. A, Amin. C, and Hamid. N. 2012. A Review on The Lime and Fly ash Application in Soil Stabilization.International Journal of Biological, Ecological and Environmental Sciences 1, (3),124-126.
Al-Zoubi, M. S.2008. Undrained Shear Strength and Swelling Characteristics of Cement Treated Soil. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, 2(1)53-62.
Etim, R. K., Attah, I. C. and Yohanna, P.2020. Experimental Study on Potential of Oyster Shell Ash in Structural Strength Improvement of Lateritic Soil for Road Construction. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology.DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s42947-020-0290-y.
Osinubi, K. J. 1999. Evaluation of admixture stabilization of Nigerian Black Cotton Soil. Nigerian Society of Engineers Technical Transactions,34(3),88 – 96.
Harichane, K., Ghrici, M., Kenai, S. and Grine, K.2011. Use of Natural Pozzolana and Lime for Stabilization of Cohesive Soils. Journal of Geotechnical and geological engineering, 29(5), 759.
Castro-F, D.,Movilla-Q, D., Vega-Z, Ã., and Calzada-Pérez, M. A. 2011. Lime Stabilization of bentonite sludge from tunnel boring. Journal of Applied Clay Science, 51(3), 250-257.
Osinubi, K. J. 2000. Influence of Compaction Energy levels and delays on cement treated soil. Nigerian Society of Engineers Technical Transactions, 36(4)1-11.
Moses, G. 2008. Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Ordinary Portland Cement Using Bagasse Ash as Admixture. IRJI Journal of Research in Engrg, 5(3): 107-115.
Oriola, F., and Moses, G. 2010.Groundnut Shell Ash Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 15, 415-428.
Osinubi, K. J. 2001. Influence of compaction energy levels and delays on cement treated soil.' The Nigerian Society of Engineers Technical Transactions, 36(4) 1 – 13.
Moses, G., Saminu, A, and Oriola F.O.P. 2012. Influence of Compactive Efforts on Compacted Foundry Sand Treated With Cement Kiln Dust. Journal of Civil and Environmental Research, 2(5): 11-24.
Nigerian General Specifications 1997. Roads and Bridges.Federal Ministry of Works, Abuja, Nigeria.
