OPTIMIZATION STUDIES OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH LIQUEFACTION FOR CARBON CRYOGEL PRODUCTION AS CATALYST IN LEVULINIC ACID ESTERIFICATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v80.10501Keywords:
Liquefaction, oil palm empty fruit bunch, biomass, carbon cryogel, ethyl levulinate, esterificationAbstract
Liquefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride was investigated in this study. The experiments were designed based on central composite by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions for the predicted liquefied EFB yield of 80.97 wt% was obtained at the temperature of 151.9 °C, a reaction time of 112.78 min and a ratio (Ionic liquid to EFB) of 4.27. The Regression coefficient (R2) for the model was 0.90 indicating a high correlation between observed and predicted values. The liquefied EFB mixture was used in the preparation of carbon cryogel via a sol-gel poly-condensation reaction and calcination process. The presence of sulfuric acid during the gel synthesis promoted an active site on the gel linkage and surface. The carbon cryogel prepared was tested as catalyst in an esterification reaction. The conversion of levulinic acid and yield of ethyl levulinate were reported as 58.7% ansd 57.2 mol%, respectively.
References
Fan, S.-P., Zakaria, S., Chia, C.-H., Jamaluddin, F., Nabihah, S., Liew, T.-K. and Pua, F.-L. 2011. Comparative Studies of Products Obtained from Solvolysis Liquefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibres Using Different Solvents. Bioresource Technology. 102(3): 3521-3526.
Akhtar, J., Kuang, S. K. and Amin, N. S. 2010. Liquefaction of Empty Palm Fruit Bunch (EPFB) in Alkaline Hot Compressed Water. Renewable Energy. 35(6): 1220-1227.
Tymchyshyn, M. and Xu, C. 2010. Liquefaction of Bio-mass in Hot-Compressed Water for the Production of Phenolic Compounds. Bioresource Technology. 101(7): 2483-2490.
Wang, M., Xu, C. and Leitch, M. 2009. Liquefaction of Cornstalk in Hot-Compressed Phenol–water Medium to Phenolic Feedstock for the Synthesis of Phenol–formaldehyde Resin. Bioresource Technology. 100(7): 2305-2307.
Sidik, D. A. B., Ngadi, N. and Amin, N. A. S. 2013. Optimization of Lignin Production from Empty Fruit Bunch via Liquefaction with Ionic Liquid. Bioresource Technology. 135: 690-696.
Alma, M. H. and Basturk, M. A. 2006. Liquefaction of Grapevine Cane (Vitis Vinisera L.) Waste and Its Application to Phenol–formaldehyde Type Adhesive. Industrial Crops and Products. 24(2): 171-176.
Ahmadzadeh, A., Zakaria, S. and Rashid, R. 2009. Liquefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) into Phenol and Characterization of Phenolated EFB Resin. Industrial Crops and Products. 30(1): 54-58.
Kraiwattanawong, K., Mukai, S. R., Tamon, H. and Lothongkum, A. W. 2007. Preparation of Carbon Cryogels from Wattle Tannin and Furfural. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 98(1-3): 258-266.
Zainol, M. M., Amin, N. A. S. and Asmadi, M. 2015. Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Cryogel Microspheres from Lignin-Furfural Mixtures for Biodiesel Production. Bioresource Technology. 190: 44-50.
Guo, L.-y., Zhang, B., Wang, Z.-m., Ma, X.-y. and Huang, P.-c. 2015. Preparation of Phenolic Resin Composites with Functional Ionic Liquids and Their Liquefaction Product of Wood Powder. Acta Polymerica Sinica. (5): 556-563.
Zainol, M. M., Asmadi, M., Amin, N. and Ahmad, K. 2016. Carbon cryogel Microsphere for Ethyl Levulinate Production: Effect of Carbonization Temperature and Time. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. Special Issue on SOMCHE 2015: 108-121.
Nandiwale, K. Y., Sonar, S. K., Niphadkar, P. S., Joshi, P. N., Deshpande, S. S., Patil, V. S. and Bokade, V. V. 2013. Catalytic Upgrading of Renewable Levulinic Acid to Ethyl Levulinate Biodiesel Using Dodecatungstophosphoric Acid Supported on Desilicated H-ZSM-5 as Catalyst. Applied Catalysis A: General. 460(0): 90-98.
Fernandes, D., Rocha, A., Mai, E., Mota, C. J. and da Silva, V. T. 2012. Levulinic Acid Esterification With Ethanol to Ethyl Levulinate Production Over Solid Acid Catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General. 425(0): 199-204.
Patil, C. R., Niphadkar, P. S., Bokade, V. V. and Joshi, P. N. 2014. Esterification of Levulinic Acid to Ethyl Levulinate Over Bimodal Micro–Mesoporous H/BEA Zeolite Derivatives. Catalysis Communications. 43: 188-191.
Oliveira, B. L. and Teixeira da Silva, V. 2014. Sulfonated Carbon Nanotubes as Catalysts for the Conversion of Levulinic Acid Into Ethyl Levulinate. Catalysis Today. 234: 257-263.
Yan, K., Wu, G., Wen, J. and Chen, A. 2013. One-step Synthesis of Mesoporous H4SiW12O40-SiO2 Catalysts for the Production of Methyl and Ethyl Levulinate Biodiesel. Catalysis Communications. 34: 58-63.
Kuwahara, Y., Fujitani, T. and Yamashita, H. 2014. Esterification of Levulinic Acid With Ethanol Over Sulfated Mesoporous Zirconosilicates: Influences of the Preparation Conditions on the Structural Properties and Catalytic Performances. Catalysis Today. 237: 18-28.
Pasquale, G., Vázquez, P., Romanelli, G. and Baronetti, G. 2012. Catalytic Upgrading of Levulinic Acid to Ethyl Levulinate Using Reusable Silica-included Wells-Dawson Heteropolyacid as Catalyst. Catalysis Communications. 18(0): 115-120.
Maldonado, G. M. G., Assary, R. S., Dumesic, J. A. and Curtiss, L. A. 2012. Acid-catalyzed Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol to Ethyl Levulinate in Liquid Ethanol. Energy & Environmental Science. 5(10): 8990-8997.
Ya’aini, N., Amin, N. A. S. and Asmadi, M. 2012. Optimization of Levulinic Acid from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using a New Hybrid Catalyst. Bioresource Technology. 116: 58-65.
Chai, X. and Zhu, J. 1999. Rapid and Direct Pulp Kappa Number Determination Using Spectrophotometry. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science. 25(11): 387-392.
Ohra-aho, T., Tenkanen, M. and Tamminen, T. 2005. Direct Analysis of Lignin and Lignin-like Components from Softwood Kraft Pulp by Py-GC/MS Techniques. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 74(1-2): 123-128.
Ramli, N. A. S., Zaharudin, N. H. and Amin, N. A. S. 2017. Esterification of Renewable Levulinic Acid to Levulinate Esters Using Amberlyst-15 as a Solid Acid Catalyst. Jurnal Teknologi. 79(1): 137-142.
Haaland, P. D. 1989. Experimental Design in Biotechnology. Vol. 105. CRC Press.
Roshanida, A., Rahman. 2009. Kinetics and Performance of Sewage Sludge Treatment Using Liquid State Bioconversion in Continuous Bioreactor. Doctor of Philosophy. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Yokoyama, S. and Matsumura, Y. 2008. The Asian Biomass Handbook: A Guide for Biomass Production and Utilization S. Yokoyama & Y. Matsumura (Eds.).
Dharaskar, S. A., Wasewar, K. L., Varma, M. N., Shende, D. Z. and Yoo, C. 2013. Synthesis, Characterization and Application of 1-butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate For Extractive Desulfurization of Liquid Fuel. Arabian Journal of Chemistry.
Yamamoto, T., Ohmori, T. and Kim, Y. H. 2008. Preparation and Characterization of Monodisperse Carbon Cryogel Microspheres. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 112(1-3): 211-218.
Yamamoto, T., Sugimoto, T., Suzuki, T., Mukai, S. R. and Tamon, H. 2002. Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Cryogel Microspheres. Carbon. 40(8): 1345-1351.
Grishechko, L., Amaral-Labat, G., Fierro, V., Szczurek, A., Kuznetsov, B. and Celzard, A. 2016. Biosourced, Highly Porous, Carbon Xerogel Microspheres. RSC Advances. 6(70): 65698-65708.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
