Modelling of Pedestrian Speed-Density and Volume-Density Relationships in Outdoor Walkways
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v73.4295Keywords:
Pedestrian characteristics, flow, density, walking speed, young male, adult male, adultAbstract
The aim of this study was to model pedestrian flow parameters needed in the design of pedestrian facilities. The study also characterized the flow with a view to understanding pedestrian interaction problems especially with regards to their congestion. Twenty-five locations across Kano metropolis were selected for study, thirteen locations from the city district while twelve sites were chosen from the Waje district. All the sites were high flow pedestrian locations that met the study objectives. The data was categorized into four; young male, adult male, young female and adult female. The results indicated that adult women walked faster than their male counterparts in the City district while young males were faster than the female. The adult female recorded an average speed of 73.90 m/min against the speed of 71.30 m/min for the adult male. The average characteristics of the pedestrian in the city district are speed 67.30 m/min; density 11.23 Ped/m2 and volume 33.60 Ped/m/min. In the Waje district, however, the male pedestrian whether adult or young walked faster than their corresponding female counterparts with speed of 71.45 m/min for the adult male and 59.90 m/min for the adult female. The young male was faster than the young female by 17.9%. The average pedestrian flow parameters for the Waje district indicated a combine speed of 60.21 m/min; density of 8.72 Ped/m2 and volume of 30.92 Ped/m/min. The pedestrians in the city district had a higher flow rate, higher density and higher speed than those of the Waje district. This means the city district is a little more concentrated than the Waje district in terms of pedestrian flow. The aggregate average flow parameters of pedestrians in the metropolitan area gave the following parameters: speed 68.92 m/min; density 10.03 Ped/m2 and volume 32.33 Ped/m/min. The predictive models for Kano showed a free flow speed of 59.55 m/min and a maximum flow rate of 73.0 Ped/m/min. Comparing the Kano pedestrian model with other countries it was found that the Kano pedestrian walked slower than pedestrians from Singapore and the United StatesReferences
Greenshields, B. D. 1935. A Study In Highway Capacity. Highway Research Board. 14: 458.
Greenberg, H. 1959. An analysis of Traffic Flow. Operational Research. 7:78–85.
Underwood, R. T. 1961. Speed, Volume, and Density Relationships: Quality and Theory of Traffic Flow. Yale Bureau of Highway Traffic. 141–188.
Eddie, L.C. 1961. Car Following and Steady-State Theory for Non-Congested Traffic. Operations Research. 9: 66–76.
Koshi, M. M. Iwasaki, and I. Okhurra 1983. Some Findings and an overview on Vehicular Flow Characteristics. Proceedings, 8th International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Flow Theory. 403–426.
Hall, F. L., B. I. Allen, and M. A. Gunter 1986. Empirical Analysis of Freeway Flow-Density Relationships. Transportation Research 20A. TRB, NRC. Washington, DC. 1–9.
Blue, V.J. and J. L. Adler. 2001. Cellular automata microsimulation for modelling bi-directional pedestrian walkways. Transportation Research Part B. 35: 293–312.
Motoshige Isobe, Taku Adachi and Takashi Nagatani. 2004. Experiment and simulation of pedestrian counter flow. Physica A. 336: 638–650.
Colin M. Henein and Tony White. 2007. Macroscopic effects of Microscopic Forces between Agents in Crowd Models. Physica A. 373: 694–712.
Li Jian, Yang Lizhong and Zhao Daoliang. 2005. Simulation of bi-direction Pedestrian Movement in Corridor. Physica A. 354: 619–628.
Yue Hao, Shao Chun-Fu and Yao Zhi-Sheng. 2009. Study on Pedestrian Evacuation Flow based on Cellular Automata. Acta Physica Sinica. 58: 4523–4530.
Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Satoshi Kokubo and Katsuhiro Nishinari. 2007. Simulation for Pedestrian Dynamics by Real-coded Cellular Automata (RCA). Physica A. 379: 654–660.
Weiguo Song, Xuan Xu, Bing-Hong Wang and Shunjiang Ni. 2006. Simulation of Evacuation Processes using a Multi-grid Model for Pedestrian Dynamics. Physica A. 363: 492–500.
Satish Chandra and Anish Kumar Bharti. 2013. Speed Distribution Curves for Pedestrians during Walking and Crossing. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences. 104: 660–667.
Older, S. J. 1968. The speed, density and flow of pedestrians on footway in shopping streets. Traffic Engineering and Control. 10(4): 160–163.
Navin, F. D. and Wheeler, R. J. 1969. Pedestrian flow characteristics. Traffic Engineering and Control. 30–36.
Fruin, J. J. 1971. Designing for Pedestrians: A Level of Service Concept. Highway Research Record. 355: 1–15.
Lam, W. H. K., Morrall, J. F. and Ho, H. 1995. Pedestrian flow characteristics in Hong Kong. Transportation Research Record. 1487: 56–62.
Virkler, M. and Elayadath, S. 1994. Pedestrian speed-flow-density relationships. Transportation Research Record. 1438: 51–58.
Teknomo, K. 2006. Application of Microscopic Pedestrian Simulation Model. In Transportation Research, Part F. 9: 15–27.
Sarkar, A. K. and Janardhn K. S. V. S. 2000. Pedestrian Flow Characteristics at an Intermodal Transfer Terminal in Calcutta. World Transport Policy and Practice. 6(3): 32–38.
Tanaboriboon, Y. and Guyano, J. 1991. Analysis of Pedestrian Movement in Bangkok. Transportation Research Record. 1372.
Tanaboriboon, Y., Hwa, S.S. and Chor, C.H. 1986. Pedestrian Characteristics Study in Singapore. Journal of Transportation Engineering (ASCE). 112(3): 229–235.
Wilson, D. G. and Grayson, G. B. 1980. Age-related Differences in the Road Crossing Behaviour of Adult Pedestrians. Transport Research Laboratory. Report No. LR 933, TRB, NCHRP, Washington DC, USA.
Polus, A., Schofer, J.L. and Ushpiz, A. 1983. Pedestrian Flow and level of Service. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Proceedings, ASCE. 109: 46–57.
Griffiths, J. D., Hunt, J. G. and Marlow, M. 1984. Delays at Pedestrian Crossings: Site Observation and the Interpretation of data. Traffic Engineering and Control. 25: 365–371.
Bowman, B. L. and Vecellio, R. L. 1994. Pedestrian Walking Speeds and Conflicts at Urban Median Locations. Transportation Research Record, Journal of Transportation Research Board. 1438: 67–73.
Coffin, A. and Morrall, J. 1995. Walking Speeds of Elderly Pedestrians at Crosswalks. Transportation Research Record No. 1487, TRB, National Research Council. Washington DC. 63–67.
Knoblauch, R. L., M. T. Putrucha and M. Nitzburg. 1995. Field Studies of Pedestrian Walking Speed and Start-up time. Transportation Research Record No. 1538. TRB, National Research Council, Washington DC. 27–38.
Tarawneh, S.M. 2001. Evaluation of Pedestrian Speed in Jordan with Investigation of some Contributing Factors. Journal of Safety Research. 32: 229–236.
Nick Carey. 2005. Establishing Pedestrian Walking Speeds. Project Report. Portland State University, ITE Student Chapter.
Manual of Traffic Studies. 1999. Institute of Transportation Engineers, USA.
Highway Capacity Manual. 2000. Special Report No. 209. Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, USA.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. 2003. US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
Alhassan, H. M. and Ben-Edigbe, J. 2011b. Effect of Rainfall Intensity Variability on Highway Capacity. European Journal of Scientific Research. 49(1): 123–129.
Alhassan, H. M. 2013. Reliability of Single Lane Road Capacity Subjected to Rainfall Disturbances. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 3(2): 587–594.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
