SHEAR PROPERTY OF STRUCTURAL EPOXY ADHESIVE EXPOSED TO TROPICAL WEATHERING CONDITION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v77.6158Keywords:
Shear test, arcan test method, structural epoxy, tropical weathering, microstructure analysis.Abstract
As a consequence of tropical climate featuring abundant rain and sunshine throughout the year, adhesive bonded joints undergo substantial exposure to moisture and elevated temperatures. It is known that the degradation of adhesive materials such as structural epoxy due to weathering could affect the overall bond performance of structural integrity of reinforced concrete such as carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) plate system. The objective of the study is to investigate the in-plane shear properties of structural epoxy material exposed to tropical environmental conditions using Arcan Test Method. The epoxy adhesive was casted in a closed metal mould to produce butterfly shaped specimens. The specimens were exposed to four conditions; laboratory, outdoor, plain water, and salt water. The specimens were tested for shear properties and failed in brittle form. Microstructure analysis was performed to study the fracture surface of the test specimens. The study showed that the tropical exposure conditions influenced the shear strength of the epoxy material, especially for those exposed to plain and salt water conditions, which were 32% lower than the control specimen for specimens exposed to plain water followed by salt water (26.6%), laboratory (25.4%) and finally outdoor (18.4%).
References
McClintock, F. A. and Argon, A.S. 1966. Mechanical Behaviour of Materials. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Karbhari, V. M., and Zhao, L. 1997. Issues Related to Composite Plating and Environmental Exposure Effects on Composite-Concrete Interface in External Strengthening. Composite structures. 40(3): 293-304.
Tan, K. H. 1997. State-of-the-Art Report on Retrofitting and Strengthening by Continuous Fibres - Southeast Asian Perspective: Status, Prospects and Research Needs.Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Non-metallic Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Sapporo, Japan. 1: 13-23.
Arcan, M., Hashin, Z., and Voloshin, A. 1978. A Method to Produce Uniform Plane-Stress States with Applications to Fiber-Reinforced Materials - a Specially Designed Specimen Yields Material Properties under Pure Shear or Uniform Plane-Stress Conditions. Experimental Mechanics. 18(4): 141-146.
Gude, M., Hufenbach, W., Andrich, M., Mertel, A. and Schirner, R. 2015. Modified V-Notched Rail Shear Test Fixture for Shear Characterisation of Textile-Reinforced Composite Materials. Polymer Testing. 43: 147-153.
Ma, Z., Zhao, H., Cheng, H., Lu, S. and Zhang, L. 2014. Decomposition Method Based on a Modified Arcan Fixture and Its Application in an in Situ Combined Load Tester. Measurement Science and Technology. 25(12): 127001.
Ghahremaninezhad, A. and Ravi-Chandar, K. 2013. Ductile Failure Behavior of Polycrystalline Al 6061-T6 under Shear Dominant Loading. International Journal of Fractures. 180(1): 23-39.
Gineste, B., Cognard, J. Y. and Pizzi, A. 2012. Analysis of the Mechanical Behaviorof Wood and Welded Wood under Tensile–Shear Loads Using a Modified Arcan Device. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. 26(10-11): 1717-1731.
Taher, S. T., Thomsen, O. T., Dulieu-Barton, J. M. and Zhang, S. 2012. Determination of Mechanical Properties of PVC Foam Using a Modified Arcan Fixture. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 43(10): 1698-1708.
Cognard, J. Y., Sohier, L. and Davies, P. 2011. A Modified Arcan Test to Analyze the Behavior of Composites and Their Assemblies under Out-Of-Plane Loadings. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 42(1): 111-121.
Magalhães, A. G., Baptista, A. P. M., Campilho, R. D., Pinto, A. M. G., Silva, L. F. and Chousal, J. A. G. 2010. Shear Modulus and Strength of an Acrylic Adhesive by the Notched Plate Shear Method (Arcan) and the Thick Adherend Shear Test (TAST). Materials Science Forum. 636: 787-792.
Xavier, J., Oliveira, M., Morais, J. and Pinto, T. 2009. Measurement of the Shear Properties of Clear Wood by the Arcan Test. Holzforschung. 63(2): 217-225.
Delsart, D. and Mortier J.M. 2008. Identification of the Interface Properties of Fibre Reinforced Composite Materials. Proceedings of the XIth International Congress and Exposition. Florida, USA.
Samuel, B. and Bertrand, L. 2006. Arcan Test and Strain Field Measurement to Study Material Properties Behaviour in 6056T78 FSW Specimens. 6th International FSW Symposium. Saint-Sauveur, Canada.
El-Hajjar, R. and Haj-Ali, R. 2004. In-Plane Shear Testing of Thick-Section Pultruded FRP Composites Using a Modified Arcan Fixture. Composites Part B: Engineering. 35(5): 421-428.
Sullivan, J. L., Kao, B.G. and Van Oene, H. 1984. Shear properties and a stress analysis obtained from vinyl-ester losipescu specimens. Experimental Mechanics. 24(3): 223-232.
Yen, S.C., Craddock J.N. and Teh, K.T. 1988. Evaluation of a Modified Arcan Fixture for In-Plane Shear Test of Materials. Experimental techniques. 12(12): 22-25.
Ashby, M.F. and Jones, D.R.H. 1985. Engineering Materials - An Introduction to their Properties and Applications. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Choi, S., Maul, S., Stewart, A., Hamilton, H. R., and P Douglas, E. 2013. Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on the Durability of Epoxy Adhesion for Structural Strengthening Applications. Polymer Engineering & Science. 53(2): 283-294.
Myers, J. N., Zhang, C., Lee, K. W., Williamson, J. and Chen, Z. 2013. Hygrothermal Aging Effects on Buried Molecular Structures at Epoxy Interfaces. Langmuir. 30(1): 165-171.
Shaw, S.J. 1994. Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resin. London: Academic & Professional.
Zhong, Y. and Joshi, S. C. 2015. Impact Resistance of Hygrothermally Conditioned Composite Laminates with Different Lay-Ups. Journal of Composite Materials. 49(7):829-841.
Zhou, J. and Lucas, J. P. 1999. Hygrothermal Effects of Epoxy Resin. Part I: The Nature of Water in Epoxy. Polymer. 40(20): 5505-5512.
Exchem EPC Group: Externally Bonded Reinforcements Systems. Information and Sales brochure, United Kingdom.
Malaysian Meteorological Service, (July 2015) Retrieved from http: www.kjc.gov.my
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.