DETERMINATION OF CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE BY INDIRECT SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD VIA DIAZOTISATION AND COUPLING REACTION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v88.23723Keywords:
Spectrophotometric method, diazotization, chlordiazepoxide, 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenoneAbstract
The investigation research involves the development of a new spectrophotometric method for determining chlordiazepoxide indirectly in both pure and pharmaceutical forms by either measuring the absorbance or area under the peak. The main reaction is based on acidic hydrolysis of chlordiazepoxide after that converted the resulting compound to its corresponding diazotized form then coupling with 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone to produce a yellow azo dye in a basic medium. The effects of different factors on intensity of resulting azo dye were investigated. In concentration ranges of 0.5 to 15 µg. mL-1 the plots were linear by monitoring the colored product's absorption at 432 nm as well estimating the area under the peak within range of 425-440 nm. Sandell sensitivity were 0.0156 and 0.07142 μg∙cm-2, the determination coefficient were found to be 0.9967and 0.9944, the molar absorptivity were1.4781x104 and 0.3243x104 L.mol-1.cm-1, respectively. The reaction ratio between hydrolysed drug and the reagent was studied and found to be 1:1. Measuring absorbance or area under the peak provide a promising tool for the sensitive and accurate determination of chlordiazepoxide indirectly in its pure form and commercial dosage forms (Tablets).
References
British Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2022. British Pharmacopoeia. Vol. 1. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
Enna, S. J., and D. B. Bylund. 2008. xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference. Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008055232-3.61441-2.
El-Hefnawey, G. B., I. S. El-Hallag, E. M. Ghoneim, and M. M. Ghoneim. 2004. Voltammetric Behavior and Quantification of the Sedative–Hypnotic Drug Chlordiazepoxide in Bulk Form, Pharmaceutical Formulation, and Human Serum at a Mercury Electrode. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 34: 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japna.2003.08.008.
Naggar, A. H., M. El-Kaoutit, I. Naranjo-Rodriguez, A. E. A. Y. El-Sayed, and J. L. H. H. de Cisneros. 2012. Use of a Sonogel–Carbon Electrode Modified with Bentonite for the Determination of Diazepam and Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride in Tablets and Their Metabolite Oxazepam in Urine. Talanta. 89: 448–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.061.
Motaharian, A., and M. R. M. Hosseini. 2016. Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified by Graphene Nanosheets and Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles for Determination of Chlordiazepoxide. Analytical Methods. 8: 6305–12.
Bairros, A. V., R. M. Almeida, L. Pantaleão, T. Barcellos, S. M. Silva, and M. Yonamine. 2015. Determination of Low Levels of Benzodiazepines and Their Metabolites in Urine by Hollow-Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B. 975: 24–33.
Momtazan, F., S. Khodadoust, Z. Zeraatpisheh, and F. M. Behbahani. 2019. Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica for Adsorption of Chlordiazepoxide and Its Determination by HPLC: Experimental Design. Journal of Separation Science. 42: 3253–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201900373.
Banaszkiewicz, L., M. K. Woźniak, M. Kata, E. Domagalska, M. Wiergowski, B. Szpiech, and A. Kot-Wasik. 2020. Rapid and Simple Multi-Analyte LC–MS/MS Method for the Determination of Benzodiazepines and Z-Hypnotic Drugs in Blood Samples: Development, Validation, and Application Based on Three Years of Toxicological Analyses. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 191: 113569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113569.
Al-Asmari, A. I. 2020. Method for the Identification and Quantification of Sixty Drugs and Their Metabolites in Postmortem Whole Blood Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Forensic Science International. 309: 110193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110193.
Orfanidis, A., H. Gika, G. Theodoridis, O. Mastrogianni, and N. Raikos. 2020. Development of a UHPLC–MS/MS Method for the Determination of 84 Pharmaceuticals and Drugs of Abuse in Human Liver. Journal of Chromatography B. 1151: 122192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122192.
Michael, A. M., Y. M. Fayez, C. K. Nessim, and H. M. Lotfy. 2016. Comparative Study of the Resolution Efficiency of HPLC and HPTLC-Densitometric Methods for the Analysis of Mebeverine Hydrochloride and Chlordiazepoxide in Their Binary Mixture. European Journal of Chemistry. 7: 315–21. https://doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.7.3.315-321.1468.
Hadi, H., and M. Jamal. 2020. Spectrophotometric Indirect Method for Chlordiazepoxide Estimation in Dosage Forms via Charge-Transfer Complex Formation with Metol. Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 13: 77–84.
Szatkowska, P., M. Koba, P. Kośliński, J. Wandas, and T. Łączek. 2014. Analytical Methods for Determination of Benzodiazepines: A Short Review. Open Chemistry. 12: 994–1007. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11532-014-0551-1.
Ahmed, M. J. 2018. Spectrophotometric Determination of Chlordiazepoxide in Pharmaceutical Formulations via Oxidative Coupling Reaction with Phenothiazine. Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 27: 7–14. https://doi.org/10.31351/vol27iss2pp7-14.
Sarrafi, A. H., Z. Khodakarami, and M. Karkeabadi. 2009. Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride and Chlordiazepoxide in Pharmaceutical Tablets by Multivariate Calibration Method. E-Journal of Chemistry. 6: S111–S116. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/172820.
Lotfy, H. M., Y. M. Fayez, A. M. Michael, and C. K. Nessim. 2016. Simultaneous Determination of Mebeverine Hydrochloride and Chlordiazepoxide in Their Binary Mixture Using Novel Univariate Spectrophotometric Methods via Different Manipulation Pathways. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 155: 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.10.033.
Walash, M. I., M. Rizk, and A. El-Brash. 1988. Spectrophotometric Determination of Chlordiazepoxide and Nitrazepam. Talanta. 35(11): 895–98.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
